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171.
Roger F. Reinking A. Shelby Frisch Brad W. Orr David L. Korn Luc R. Bissonnette Gilles Roy 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,109(3):255-284
Trapped Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) waves and vortices were monitored as they were generated immediately upwind of a mountain and driven into the barrier by a low-level jet. A stratus cloud visually revealed the embedded, propagating, gravity-shear waves. Interactions of the waves with the mountain were deciphered using remote sensing measurements of the structure, motions, and microphysics within the cloud and conceptual models based on existing theories. The observations show that the mountain acted as a dam to the flow that was primed for, but did not spontaneously induce, the waves. In response to the blocking, the waves spatially developed a pattern of formation, amplification, and breakdown between the upstream flow and the barrier, and altered the associated clouds in the process. Notably, radar signatures of velocity variance depicted organized, intertwined ribbons of relatively large vorticity within the wave layer. These provided measured evidence of the vortex sheet and streamwise vortex tubes predicted by advanced K–Hinstability theory, the three-dimensional version of Scorer's `stripe', the layer of rotational fluid between opposed flows that led to the wave generation. A theory of resonant interaction of wave trains, but with blocking imposed, appears to explain the internal structure of the pile-up of the flow and wave amplification approaching the barrier. Evolution of the supporting atmospheric thermal structure and introduction of a boundary-layer flow reversal follow a current model of blocking, although some features may have developed more directly from wave-driven mixing. The remote sensors also measured the influence of the waves on the cloud liquid water, including a cumulative enlargement of droplets as they were carried through a series of waves. 相似文献
172.
A groundwater tracing investigation as an aid of locating groundwater monitoring stations on the Mitchell Plain of southern Indiana 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wanfang Zhou Barry F. Beck Arthur J. Pettit Brad J. Stephenson 《Environmental Geology》2002,41(7):842-851
173.
Philip Gibbard Brad Pillans 《《幕》》2008,31(2):202-202
In late July 2007, some 1100 Quaternary scientists gathered for a week-long conference in the tropical city of Cairns in northeast Australia for the 17th quadrennial congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). Conference presentations were on topics in such diverse fields as archaeology, stratigraphy, geomorphology, palaeontology, geochemistry, hydrology, climate change and geochronology. To an outsider, the unifying theme of an INQUA Congress may be difficult to grasp, but diversity has always been a characteristic of Quaternary research, more so than for any other major period of the geological time scale. 相似文献
174.
草地异戊二烯排放通量影响因子的研究 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
2002年夏季对中国内蒙古草原挥发性有机物的排放通量进行的首次测量结果表明,其主要成分异戊二烯的排放有明显的日变化和季节变化.采样箱对太阳辐射有非常明显的衰减作用,其衰减率为17%~35%.为准确估算异戊二烯的排放通量,建立其排放模式是非常必要的.基于可见光辐射传输与守恒的观点,在观测数据的基础上建立了异戊二烯排放通量的经验模式.结果表明,对日变化、季节变化和日总量的模拟值与测量值比较一致.在使用箱方法时,应该考虑箱内外辐射、温湿度、水汽含量之差引起的排放通量的差别,特别是箱内外辐射之差所引起排放通量的差别.同时也说明,可见光辐射是影响异戊二烯排放的最主要因子.利用异戊二烯排放通量的日总量与11:00通量之比和可见光辐射日总量与11:00时累计值之比的定量关系,可以由某日11:00的排放通量来推算该日的日总量,其平均相对偏差小于14%. 相似文献
175.
William Berelson Frank Corsetti Brad Johnson Toan Vo Chris Der 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,42(1):25-36
Closed-basin alkaline lakes record climate change particularly well because they generally contain a sedimentary record that
is high in carbonate mineral content from which climate proxies can be determined. Various approaches are used to estimate
paleo-lake level and volume (δ18O, dating of “shoreline” tufas, biotic proxies, etc.), yet all carry certain caveats that limit their usefulness. Ultimately,
the relationship between the chemistry of the lake, the volume of the lake, and the response of the proxy will determine how
well a proxy serves a paleolimnologic purpose. Here, we discuss the use of carbonate-associated sulfate (CAS), the sulfate
contained within the lattice of carbonate minerals that precipitate in lake water, as a proxy for lake water chemistry and
by extension, lake volume. Walker Lake, an alkaline closed-basin lake in western Nevada, has experienced a well-documented
lake-level decline since 1880 and provides a test case for CAS as a lake-level proxy. By extracting the CAS from sedimentary
carbonate and tufas that have been age dated, we can relate these values to lake sulfate content based on historical or other
proxy data. We confirm that CAS tracks lake sulfate. Our study of sedimentary carbonates demonstrates that CAS is a linear
function of lake sulfate through a range of 10–25 mM, which corresponds to a change in lake level of 30 m. As confirmation
of the CAS technique, we analyzed a stromatolitic tufa dated using AMS 14C. The CAS trend in the stromatolite suggested that it grew during a lake-level decline, a result consistent with other proxy
data. Finally, laboratory experiments were conducted that demonstrate CAS is monotonically correlated with sulfate concentration
and that precipitation kinetics are not likely a major control on CAS in alkaline lakes, but that ionic strength of the solution
exerts a strong control on CAS. 相似文献
176.
The quality of stormwater runoff from seaports can be an important source of pollution to the marine environment. Currently, little knowledge exists with regards to the pollutant generation capacity specific to seaports as they do not necessarily compare well with conventional urban land use. The research project focussed on the assessment of pollutant build-up and wash-off. The study was undertaken using rainfall simulation and small impervious plots for different port land uses with the results obtained compared to typical urban land uses.The study outcomes confirmed that the Port land uses exhibit comparatively lower pollutant concentrations. However, the pollutant characteristics varied across different land uses. Hence, the provision of stereotypical water quality improvement measures could be of limited value. Particle size <150 μm was predominant in suspended solids. Therefore, if suspended solids are targeted as the surrogate parameter for water quality improvement, this particle size range needs to be removed. 相似文献
177.
Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Petroleum and mineral exploration and extraction, hydroelectric development, atmospheric transport of contaminants, timber harvesting and tourism are increasing worldwide, especially in the Arctic. This development may adversely affect populations of reindeer/caribou ( Rangifer tarandus ) which are the basis of subsistence economies for northern indigenous peoples. Our purpose is to present a survey of the literature that has investigated the response of reindeer/caribou to human activities. Individuals and groups of reindeer/caribou: 1) move away from point sources of disturbance; 2) increase activity and energy expenditure near disturbance; 3) delay crossing or fail to cross linear structures; 4) shift away from areas of extensive and intensive development; and 5) are killed by collisions with vehicles and by hunting along roads. Cows and calves during the calving season are the most easily disturbed group. Bulls in general and all reindeer/caribou during insect harassment are least likely to avoid development areas. Estimation of the proportion of a population that is exposed to disturbance and the implications of this exposure to annual energy budgets, survival and productivity of reindeer/caribou has received little attention. Future advances in understanding the implications of human disturbance to reindeer/caribou will require cumulative effects assessment at annual, population and regional scales. Although some level of cumulative effect is likely, clear separation of cumulative effects of development from natural variation in caribou habitat use and demography will be difficult. 相似文献
178.
Sea stacks are common and striking coastal landforms, but few details are known about how, how quickly, and under what conditions they form. We present numerical and analytical models of sea stack formation due to preferential erosion along a pre‐existing headland to address these basic questions. On sediment‐rich rocky coasts, as sea cliffs erode and retreat, they produce beach sediment that is distributed by alongshore sediment transport and controls future sea cliff retreat rates. Depending on their width, beaches can encourage or discourage sea cliff erosion by acting either as an abrasive tool or a protective cover that dissipates wave energy seaward of the cliff. Along the flanks of rocky headlands where pocket beaches are often curved and narrow due to wave field variability, abrasion can accelerate alongshore‐directed sea cliff erosion. Eventually, abrasion‐induced preferential erosion can cut a channel through a headland, separating it from the mainland to become a sea stack. Under a symmetrical wave climate (i.e. equal influence of waves approaching the coastline from the right and from the left), numerical and analytical model results suggest that sea stack formation time and plan‐view size are proportional to preferential erosion intensity (caused by, for example, abrasion and/or local rock weakness from joints, faults, or fractures) and initial headland aspect ratio, and that sea stack formation is discouraged when the sediment input from sea cliff retreat is too high (i.e. sea cliffs retreat quickly or are sand‐rich). When initial headland aspect ratio is too small, and the headland is ‘rounded’ (much wider in the alongshore direction at its base than at its seaward apex), the headland is less conducive to sea stack formation. On top of these geomorphic and morphologic controls, a highly asymmetrical wave climate decreases sea stack size and discourages stack formation through rock–sediment interactions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
179.
A method to predict aquifer vulnerability to pesticide contamination at the subregional scale was developed. The assessment method was designed to incorporate relevant hydrologic and pesticide-transport information and to use generally available data. The method assumes steady-state advection of pesticides in the vadose zone, including sorption and biological decay. The solution is presented as a vulnerability index (VI) that increases as the aquifer vulnerability increases. The hydrologic input data for the VI model are obtained from the soil survey geographic database. Pesticides were grouped into three leachability classes using a leachability ratio (half-life divided by organic carbon partition coefficient). Pesticide transformation is assumed to occur in the surface layer. The influence of vertical transport in the remainder of the vadose zone has been incorporated by applying a multiplying factor to the VI that varies with depth to ground water. Hydraulic conductivity is used as a surrogate for soil-water velocity for practical purposes. The performance of the VI model is evaluated using ground water data from Weld County, Colorado. The model is demonstrated to be successful at predicting relative vulnerability, defined as the magnitude of pesticide concentration and percent of wells in a unit that exhibit a pesticide detection. Areas of low, medium, and high vulnerability are assigned. Results indicate that the vulnerability classifications are most dependent on the leachability ratio, hydraulic conductivity, and organic carbon content. 相似文献
180.