Hong Kong's gloom and doom     

Morton B 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,46(11):1359-1360

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Potentiometric and F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of fluoride substitution in the GaAl₁₂ polyoxocation: implications for aluminum (hydr)oxide mineral surfaces     

Ping Yu  Brian L. Phillips 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(5):1065-1080

Fluoride replacement of oxygens in the GaO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)127+(aq) molecule [GaAl₁₂] was studied via ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 4 < pH < 5 and 278 K in order to elucidate similar reactions at the surfaces of clays. Peaks are identified in the ¹⁹F-NMR spectra that correspond to both terminal and bridging fluorides on the GaAl₁₂ molecule, with relative peak positions similar to those previously identified in fluoridated aluminum (hydr)oxide mineral surfaces (Nordin, J. P., Sullivan, D. J., Phillips, B. L., and Casey, W. H. [1999], “Mechanisms for fluoride-promoted dissolution of bayerite [β-Al(OH)₃(s)] and boehmite [γ-AlOOH(s)]-¹⁹F-NMR spectroscopy and aqueous surface chemistry,” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta63, 3513-3524). Fluoride substitutes for oxygen at three different sites in the GaAl₁₂ molecule, but at dramatically different rates.The kinetics of fluoride substitution follow a rate law that includes parallel and reversible transfer of fluoride from nonbridging sites to the two bridging sites. The essential features of the rate law are as follows: (1) fluoride replaces bound water molecules (η-OH₂) within minutes at 278 K at rates that are quantitatively similar to fluoride uptake by Al(H₂O)63+(aq) to form AlF²⁺(aq) at similar conditions; (2) fluoride substitutes onto the two topologically distinct μ₂-OH sites at different rates, as was previously observed for oxygen exchange, but here, the reaction is complete in hours to days at 278 K. Most importantly, rates of fluoride substitution onto μ₂-OH sites are 10² times more rapid than the corresponding rates of oxygen exchange with bulk waters, indicating that fluoride considerably labilizes the molecule, as is also observed at the surfaces of minerals. The largest cause of this labilization is the reduced molecular charge on the GaAl₁₂ upon replacement of bound waters by fluoride, which for mineral surfaces corresponds to a reduction in surface charge density.  相似文献   

The influence of diet on comparative trace metal cadmium,copper and zinc accumulation in Thais clavigera (Gastropoda: Muricidae) preying on intertidal barnacles or mussels     

Blackmore G  Morton B 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(9):870-876

The influence of diet on comparative metal accumulation was investigated using a predatory muricid gastropod Thais clavigera. Individuals were fed for up to 56 days on either barnacles, i.e., Tetraclita squamosa, or mussels, i.e., Perna viridis, collected from metal-contaminated and clean sites. Barnacles and mussels have contrasting metal handling strategies and, therefore, different body concentrations, intracellular distributions and detoxification systems. Field collection of prey items that accumulated body metal concentrations over a lifetime of exposure allowed bioavailability to the predator, T. clavigera, to be assessed naturally, which may not be the case for prey exposed to metals for a short time in the laboratory. T. clavigera that was fed cadmium- and copper-contaminated barnacles or mussels ingested significantly greater amounts compared to those fed conspecifics collected from clean locations. T. clavigera body cadmium and copper concentrations were not, however, significantly different between individuals fed either contaminated or clean prey. Amount of zinc ingested was similar in mussels collected from clean and contaminated environments but much less when compared to the barnacle prey. The body concentrations of zinc in T. clavigera fed mussels collected from both sites fell. In contrast, the amount of zinc ingested from barnacle prey was significantly greater from those collected from the metal-contaminated site as compared to the clean one. This was reflected as significantly greater body zinc concentrations in T. clavigera fed contaminated barnacles compared to those fed clean individuals. Copper and zinc accumulation from prey was, therefore, complex. It varied between metal and between prey type, but appeared to be related to the amount ingested and the metal handling strategy of the prey.  相似文献   

Wide-Field Camera for Gravitational Microlensing Survey: MOA-cam2     

Toshifumi Yanagisawa  Yasushi Muraki  Yutaka Matsubara  Fumio Abe  Kimiaki Masuda  Sachiyo Noda  Takahiro Sumi  Yuji Kato  Mitsuaki Fujimoto  Shuji Sato  Ian Bond  Nicholas Rattenbury  Philip Yock  Pam Kilmartin  John Hearnshaw  Micheal Reid  Denis Sullivan  Brian Carter  Richard Dodd  Garry Nankivell  Noiman Rumsey  Morihiro Honda  Maki Sekiguchi  Masanori Yoshizawa  Takashi Nakamura  Humitaka Sato  Seiji Kabe  Makoto Kobayashi  Yoshiyuki Watase  Jun Jugaku  Toshiharu Saito  Barbel Koribalsky 《Experimental Astronomy》2000,10(4):519-535

We have constructed a large, mosaic CCD camera called MOA-cam2 which has 4096 × 6144-pixelsto search for gravitational microlensing events. MOA-cam2 has three4096 × 2048-pixel SITe CCD chips, which have a very high quantum efficiency (nearly 80% in the wave region 500 to 800 nm),and three buttable sides. We have placed the threechips side by side with 100 m dead space. MOA-cam2 has been installed on the 61 cm Boller and Chivens telescope of the MOA collaboration at the Mt. John University Observatory (MJUO) in NewZealand since July 1998. The field coverage is 0.92° × 1.38° per exposure. The technical details of MOA-cam2 and the first images obtained with the Boller and Chivens telescope are presented. MOA-cam2 introduces a second phase of research on gravitational microlensing by the MOA collaboration.  相似文献   

Comparative influence of resuspended glacial sediment on physicochemical characteristics and primary production in two arctic lakes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Stephen C. Whalen  Brian A. Chalfant  Eric N. Fischer  Kenneth A. Fortino  Anne E. Hershey 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2006,68(1):65-77

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The Consistency of IPCC's SRES Scenarios to 1990–2000 Trends and Recent Projections     

Detlef P. van Vuuren  Brian C. O'Neill 《Climatic change》2006,75(1-2):9-46

The greenhouse gas emissions scenarios published by the IPCC in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) continue to serve as a primary basis for assessing future climate change and possible response strategies. These scenarios were developed between 1996 and 1999 and sufficient time has now passed to make it worth examining their consistency with more recent data and projections. The comparison performed in this paper includes population, GDP, energy use, and emissions of CO₂, non-CO₂ gases and sulfur. We find the SRES scenarios to be largely consistent with historical data for the 1990–2000 period and with recent projections. Exceptions to this general observation include (1) in the long-term, relatively high population growth assumptions; in some regions, particularly in the A2 scenario; (2) in the medium-term, relatively high economic growth assumptions in the LAM (Latin America, Africa and Middle East) region in the A1 scenario; (3) in the short-term, CO₂ emissions projections in A1 that are somewhat higher than the range of current scenarios; and (4) substantially higher sulfur emissions in some scenarios than in historical data and recent projections. In conclusion, given the relatively small inconsistencies for use as global scenarios there seems to be no immediate need for a large-scale IPCC-led update of the SRES scenarios that is solely based on the SRES scenario performance vis-a-vis data for the 1990–2000 period and/or more recent projections. Based on reported findings, individual research teams could make, and in some cases already have made, useful updates of the scenarios.  相似文献   

Conservation and community in the new South Africa: A case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Brian H. King 《Geoforum》2007,38(1):207-219

The idealization of natural landscapes and peoples during colonialism, coupled with the popularity of sustainable development in the postcolonial era, has contributed to the expansion of conservation planning throughout the African continent. Concerns surrounding the promotion of national and international conservation agendas at the expense of local livelihood needs have generated interest in community conservation projects that attempt to include local participation and knowledge in natural resource management. The early excitement associated with community conservation has waned in light of recent assessments that it has been unsuccessful in meeting its ecological and social goals. This parallels other research that suggests communities are understood in generic or homogenous ways that influence how these initiatives are understood. Using a case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve, this paper evaluates how rural households access environmental and economic resources to produce livelihoods, and how these access patterns impact their views of the project. It is argued that there are significant livelihood variations within the community that shape the ways households engage with, and benefit from, conservation planning. Rather than strictly viewing Mahushe Shongwe as a constraint to environmental resource access or site for limited employment, community members identify a number of benefits from its existence including education and development opportunities. Additionally, transformations in governance systems in the region impact community views of the project since younger residents are less likely to engage with the Matsamo Tribal Authority, which participates in managing the reserve. The consequence is that conservation has various impacts and meanings within a specific community that remain tied to the livelihood and governance systems being renegotiated in the post-apartheid era.  相似文献   

A method for generating uniform size-segregated pyrite particle fractions     

Amy L Wolfe  Ran Liu  Brian W Stewart  Rosemary C Capo  David A Dzombak 《Geochemical transactions》2007,8(1):9

Background  

Standardized sample preparation techniques allow comparison of pyrite dissolution experiments under diverse conditions. Our objective was to assess dry and wet sieving preparation methodologies, and to develop a reproducible technique that yields uniformly size-distributed material within a limited size range of interest.  相似文献   

Predation on the rocky shores of Patagonia,Argentina     

Fernando J. Hidalgo  Brian R. Silliman  María Cielo Bazterrica  Mark D. Bertness 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(5):886-894

Rocky intertidal communities of Argentinean Patagonia are exposed to harsh physical conditions caused by dry, strong southern trade winds (mean speed 45 km h^-1, gusts up to 140 km h^-1) that result in intense desiccation of intertidal organisms. Predator distributions in these communities were evaluated from April 2003 to December 2004 at two exposed headlands and six protected bays in Cabo dos Bahias (44°50′S, 65°40′W). Crabs and sea stars dominated the predator assemblage, with occasional scavenger snails and fish also present. During low tide, predators were never found in the open but were always associated with shelter (primarily within mussel beds and coralline algae), suggesting a strong predator dependency on foundation species to buffer them from physical stress. Few predators (mostly crabs) emerged from shelter at high tide. Unlike the larger predators found on Chilean rocky shores, invertebrate predators in this system are diminutive, generally < 2 cm. The lone exception was the newly discovered invasive green crab,Carcinus mamas. Feeding trials, gut content analyses, and visual surveys indicated that native predators feed primarily on small, soft-bodied prey.C. mamas fed on slow-moving and sessile animals, including the super abundant musselPerumytilus purpuratus, with much greater voracity than native predators. Because native intertidal organisms are dependent on mussel beds and coralline algae for shelter from desiccation, successful invasion ofC. mamas may lead to a significant decrease in native diversity by consuming foundation species. This study represents a preliminary survey of predator distributions and feeding habits on the rocky shores of Argentinean Patagonia and provides important baseline data to evaluate trophic linkages and predatory effects on Patagonian rocky shores.  相似文献   

Economic consequences of consideration of permanence, leakage and additionality for soil carbon sequestration projects     

Brian C. Murray  Brent Sohngen  Martin T. Ross 《Climatic change》2007,80(1-2):127-143

This paper introduces, explains, and describes methods for addressing the issues of permanence, leakage, and additionality (PLA) of agricultural soil carbon sequestration (ASCS) activities at the project level. It is important to cast these as project-level issues, because they relate to the integrity and consistency of using location-specific ASCS projects as an offset against GHG emissions generated in other sectors (e.g., energy). The underlying objective is to understand and quantify what the net carbon benefits of an ASCS project are once we account for the fact that (1) the sequestered carbon may be stored impermanently, (2) the project may displace emissions outside the project boundaries (leakage), and (3) the project’s carbon sequestration may not be entirely additional to what would have occurred anyway under business-as-usual (no project) conditions. This article evaluates methods for identifying and estimating PLA and gauges the potential magnitude of these effects on the economic returns to a project. This work reflects ongoing collaborative efforts of the authors and Bruce McCarl (Texas A&M University), Allan Sommer, Jui-Chen Yang, and Laurel Clayton (RTI International), Sandra Brown (Winrock International), Ken Andrasko and Ben DeAngelo (US EPA), and various participants in the World Resources Institute/World Business Council workgroup to develop GHG project reporting protocols. All opinions, errors and omissions are those of the authors only.  相似文献