P CO2 in low-grade metamorphism; zeolite,carbonate, clay mineral,prehnite relations in the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2-H2O     

Alan Bruce Thompson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1971,33(2):145-161

Equilibria for several reactions in the system CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O have been calculated from the reactions calcite+quartz=wollastonite+CO₂ (5) and calcite+Al₂SiO₅+quartz=anorthite+CO₂ (19) and other published experimental studies of equilibria in the systems Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O and CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O.The calculations indicate that the reactions laumontite+CO₂=calcite+kaolinite+2 quartz+2H₂O (1) and laumontite+calcite=prehnite+quartz+3H₂O+CO₂ (3) in the system CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O, are in equilibrium with an H₂O-CO₂ fluid phase having -0.0075 for P _fluid=P _total=2000 bars.These calculations limit the stability of zeolite assemblages to low p CO₂.Using the above reactions as model equilibria, several probelms of p CO₂ in low grade metamorphism are discussed. (a) the problem of producing zeolitic minerals from metasedimentary assemblages of carbonate, clay mineral, quartz. (b) the significance of calcite (or aragonite) associated with zeolite (or lawsonite) in low grade metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. (c) the reaction of zeolites (or lawsonite) with calcite (or aragonite) to produce dense Ca-Al-hydrosilicates (eg. prehnite, zoisite, grossular).  相似文献   

Marine-like potash evaporite formation on a continental playa: case study from Chott el Djerid, southern Tunisia   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Robert G. Bryant  Bruce W. Sellwood  Andrew C. Millington  Nick A. Drake 《Sedimentary Geology》1994,90(3-4):269-291

An exceptional flood in January 1990 led to the formation of a large ephemeral lake on the Chott el Djerid, a salt playa in southern Tunisia. Repeated observations made during 1990 show that the ephemeral lake underwent four evolutionary stages: (1) initial flooding, (2) evaporative concentration of lake waters, (3) the movement of concentrated brine pools over the playa surface as a result of wind action, and (4) total desiccation of the lake by September 1990. During all four stages the brine chemistry of the lake was monitored. Water inflow into the Chott el Djerid basin was found to have a consistent Ca-SO₄-Cl-rich and HCO₃-CO₃-poor chemistry, reflecting the recycling of homogeneous assemblages of Cretaceous, Mio—Pliocene and Quaternary evaporites within the catchment. As the ephemeral lake shrank, these waters produced an Na-Mg-K-Cl-SO₄ brine which was similar to modern sea water. Mineral saturation data show that, during the desiccation of the lake, saturation with respect to both gypsum and halite was achieved and that the most concentrated brines were ultimately saturated with respect to potash phases. After the desiccation of the lake the main mineral phases found on the Chott included gypsum and halite. In addition, ephemeral deposits of carnallite (observed as carnallitite,3KMgCl_3·6H₂0 + NaCl) were found. This assemblage is that which would be expected to form if the waters had undergone salt norm evaporation at 1 bar pressure at 25°C (SNORM) in the evaporation model proposed by Jones and Bodine (1987). The nature of both the brine chemistry and evaporite mineralogy provides a new and rare example of marine-like potash-bearing evaporites being formed in a contemporary continental playa.  相似文献   

Results from field testing A curved box girder bridge using simulated earthquake loads     

James A. Richardson  Bruce M. Douglas 《地震工程与结构动力学》1993,22(10):905-922

This paper presents the results of a unique field test on a curved highway overpass. In the test, large horizontal loads were applied to the superstructure of the bridge and quickly released, causing the bridge to vibrate. The resulting large-amplitude vibrations were intended to be similar to the vibrations caused by earthquakes (horizontal accelerations of up to 25 per cent of gravity were measured on the bridge deck). Well-defined lateral, longitudinal, vertical and torsional vibration modes were identified from the test data. The vibration modes were used to verify an analytical model of the bridge's dynamic response. For this paper, the model was verified using only the fundamental vibration mode, which was primarily a horizontal vibration mode. Using a system identification procedure, the dynamic response model was adjusted until its frequency and mode shape matched the measured frequency and mode shape. Parameters in the verified model were compared with the same parameters calculated from information in the structural drawings. Because the fundamental mode represents a horizontal mode, the bridge parameters identified in this paper were those parameters which strongly influence the horizontal response of the bridge.  相似文献   

Seismic Wave Slowness-Vector Estimation From Broad-Band Array Data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shyh-Jeng Chiou  Bruce A. Bolt 《Geophysical Journal International》1993,114(2):234-248

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A method for quantitative pyrite abundance in mine rock piles by powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement     

Erik J. Oerter  George H Brimhall Jr.  Jennifer Redmond  Bruce Walker 《Applied Geochemistry》2007,22(12):2907

The abundance of pyrite and other sulfide minerals in mine rock piles is a potentially significant if not a determinative factor in terms of the geochemical and geomechanical evolution of the dumps as oxidation produces acid solutions that drive hydrolysis reactions. A technique is presented here that supports the quantitative determination of pyrite abundance in mine rock dumps by heavy liquid mineral separation to concentrate pyrite for powder X-ray diffraction and then Rietveld method refinement of the diffraction data on a large number of samples using commonly available laboratory equipment. In order to improve and constrain the accuracy of XRD results, binary (pyrite-quartz) and 6-part mineral mixtures (pyrite and rock-forming andesite minerals) spanning a wide range of pyrite concentrations were prepared gravimetrically and run as standards. These standards were then used to minimize errors in pyrite abundance data by constraining key input parameters in the Rietveld refinement. A new polynomial relationship was derived between diffracting crystallite size and the Brindley microabsorption correction input size. This method provides a means to determine uncertainties in pyrite abundance, whereas conventional Rietveld refinement techniques done without the use of standards yield only statistical measures of the least-squares fit, rather than absolute uncertainties in mineral constituent weight percentages. The technique was applied to a number of mine rock pile samples and the uncertainty in the results determined by applying the relationship derived from the 6-part gravimetric standards to the results of the Brindley corrected Rietveld refinements. Uncertainties determined by this method are found to be on the order of ±10% for samples with pyrite content greater than 10 wt% and ±30% for samples with pyrite content less than 10 wt%. In order to evaluate the technique’s improvement upon traditional visual mineral abundance estimation the quantitative results are compared to manual volumetric estimates.  相似文献   

Using hyperspectral imagery to predict post-wildfire soil water repellency     

Sarah A. Lewis  Peter R. Robichaud  Bruce E. Frazier  Joan Q. Wu  Denise Y.M. Laes   《Geomorphology》2008,95(3-4):192-205

A principal task of evaluating large wildfires is to assess fire's effect on the soil in order to predict the potential watershed response. Two types of soil water repellency tests, the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and the mini-disk infiltrometer (MDI) test, were performed after the Hayman Fire in Colorado, in the summer of 2002 to assess the infiltration potential of the soil. Remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery was also collected to map post-wildfire ground cover and soil condition. Detailed ground cover measurements were collected to validate the remotely sensed imagery and to examine the relationship between ground cover and soil water repellency. Percent ash cover measured on the ground was significantly correlated to WDPT (r = 0.42; p-value < 0.0001), and the MDI test (r = − 0.37; p-value < 0.0001). A Mixture Tuned Matched Filter (MTMF) spectral unmixing algorithm was applied to the hyperspectral imagery, which produced fractional cover maps of ash, soil, and scorched and green vegetation. The remotely sensed ash image had significant correlations to the water repellency tests, WDPT (r = 0.24; p-value = 0.001), and the MDI test (r = − 0.21; p-value = 0.005). An iterative threshold analysis was also applied to the ash and water repellency data to evaluate the relationship at increasingly higher levels of ash cover. Regression analysis between the means of grouped data: MDI time vs. ash cover data (R² =0.75) and vs. Ash MTMF scores (R² = 0.63) yielded significantly stronger relationships. From these results we found on-the-ground ash cover greater than 49% and remotely sensed ash cover greater than 33% to be indicative of strongly water repellent soils. Combining these results with geostatistical analyses indicated a spatial autocorrelation range of 15 to 40 m. Image pixels with high ash cover (> 33%), including pixels within 15 m of these pixel patches, were used to create a likelihood map of soil water repellency. This map is a good indicator of areas where soil experienced severe fire effects—areas that likely have strong water repellent soil conditions and higher potential for post-fire erosion.  相似文献   

Detection ranges and uncertainty of passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders for sediment tracking in gravel rivers and coastal environments          下载免费PDF全文

Margot Chapuis  Christina J. Bright  John Hufnagel  Bruce MacVicar 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(15):2109-2120

Since the earliest use of this technology, a growing number of researchers have employed passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders to track sediment transport in gravel rivers and coastal environments. RFID transponders are advantageous because they are inexpensive, durable and use unique codes that allow sediment particle mobility and displacement to be assessed on a clast‐by‐clast basis. Despite these advantages, this technology is in need of a rigorous error and detection analysis. Many studies work with a precision of ~1 m, which is insufficient for some applications, and signal shadowing can occur due to clustering of tagged particles. Information on in‐field performance is also incomplete with respect to burial and submergence, especially for different transponders and antennae combinations. The objectives of this study are to qualify and quantify the factors that influence the detection zone of RFID tracers including antenna type, transponder size, transponder orientation, burial depth, submergence and clustering. Results of this study show that the detection zone is complex in shape due to a set of lobes in the detection field and provide a better understanding of transponder detection shape for different RFID transponder/antenna combinations. This study highlights a strong influence of clustering and submergence, but no significant effect of burial. Finally we propose standard operating procedures for tagging and tracking in rivers and coastal environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Cross-equatorial flow of grounded abyssal ocean currents     

Alexander Kim  Bruce R. Sutherland 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2014,108(4):363-386

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Factors Controlling In Situ Biogeochemical Transformation of Trichloroethene: Field Survey     

Kent Whiting  Patrick J. Evans  Carmen Lebrón  Bruce Henry  John T. Wilson  Erica Becvar 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2014,34(3):79-94

We have previously defined in situ biogeochemical transformation as the biogenic formation of reactive minerals that are capable of abiotically degrading chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene without accumulation of degradation products such as vinyl chloride (AFCEE et al. 2008 ). This process has been implemented in biowalls used to intercept contaminated groundwater. Abiotic patterns of contaminant degradation were observed at Altus Air Force Base (AFB) and in an associated column study, but not at other sites including Dover AFB. These abiotic patterns were associated with biogenic formation of reactive iron sulfide minerals. Iron sulfides in the form of small individual grains, coatings on magnetite, and sulfur‐deficient pyrite framboids were observed in samples collected from the Altus AFB biowalls and one of the EPA columns. Larger iron sulfide grains coated with oxide layers were observed in samples collected from Dover AFB. Altus AFB and the EPA column differed from Dover AFB in that groundwater flow at Dover AFB was relatively slow and potentially reversing. High volumetric sulfate consumption rates, an abiotic pattern of trichloroethene (TCE) degradation, and the formation of small, high surface area iron sulfide particles were associated with relatively high rates of TCE removal via an abiotic pattern. Geochemical modeling demonstrated that iron monosulfides such as mackinawite were near saturation, and iron disulfides such as pyrite were supersaturated at all sites. This environmental condition can be supportive of nucleation of small particles rather than crystal growth leading to larger particles. When nucleation is dominant, small, high surface area, and reactive particles result. When crystal growth dominates the crystals are larger and have lower specific surface area and reactivity. These results taken together suggest that creation of a dynamic environment can promote biogeochemical transformation based on generation of reactive iron sulfides.  相似文献   

Method for Assessing Source Zone Natural Depletion at Chlorinated Aliphatic Spill Sites     

Ryan Ekre  Paul C. Johnson  Bruce E. Rittmann  Rosa Krajmalnik‐Brown 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2014,34(2):60-70

This work focuses on the site‐specific assessment of source zone natural attenuation (SZNA) at chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH)‐impacted sites. The approach is similar in some ways, but different in other ways from recently proposed SZNA assessment paradigms for petroleum‐impacted sites. The similarities lie in the organization of the approach around determining: (1) whether or not SZNA is occurring, (2) the current SZNA rate, and (3) what is the future projection for SZNA rate changes and the final state of the source zone. Differences lie in how those rates are determined, especially with respect to the quantities measured and data reduction. Petroleum‐impacted site SZNA approaches emphasize quantifying fluxes of electron acceptors, while the proposed CAH assessment approach emphasizes quantifying parent and daughter compound fluxes. A paradigm for assessing SZNA at CAH sites is presented and its use is illustrated, for example former dry cleaner site, where the SZNA rate was approximately 3.5 kg/year as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) with about 80% of the mass loss attributed to groundwater flow and 20% attributed to vapor transport.  相似文献