A Radial Injection Tracer Experiment in a Confined Aquifer, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada     

Carl D. Palmer  Robert L. Nadon 《Ground water》1986,24(3):322-331

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Die Weicheisenkorrektoren der Schiffskompasse     

Dr. Carl Heller 《Ocean Dynamics》1970,23(6):241-263

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Primitive and contaminated basalts from the Southern Rocky Mountains,U.S.A.     

Bruce R. Doe  Peter W. Lipman  Carl E. Hedge  Hajime Kurasawa 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,21(2):142-156

Basalts in the Southern Rocky Mountains province have been analyzed to determine if any of them are primitive. Alkali plagioclase xenocrysts armored with calcic plagioclase seem to be the best petrographic indicator of contamination. The next best indicator of contamination is quartz xenocrysts armored with clinopyroxene. On the rocks and the region studied, K₂O apparently is the only major element with promise of separating primitive basalt from contaminated basalt inasmuch as it constitutes more than 1 % in all the obviously contaminated basalts. K₂O: lead (> 4 ppm) and thorium (> 2 ppm) contents and Rb/Sr (> 0.035) are the most indicative of the trace elements studied. Using these criteria, three basalt samples are primitive (although one contains 1.7% K₂O) and are similar in traceelement contents to Hawaiian and Eastern Honshu, Japan, primitive basalts.Contamination causes lead isotope ratios, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, to become less radiogenic, but it has little or no effect on ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. We interpret the effect on lead isotopes to be due to assimilation either of lower crustal granitic rocks, which contain 5–10 times as much lead as basalt and which have been low in U/Pb and Th/Pb since Precambrian times, or of upper crustal Precambrian or Paleozoic rocks, which have lost much of their radiogenic lead because of heating prior to assimilation. The lack of definite effects on strontium isotopes may be due to the lesser strontium contents of granitic crustal rocks relative to basaltic rocks coupled with lack of a large radiogenic enrichment in the crustal rocks.Lead isotope ratios were found to be less radiogenic in plagioclase separates from an obviously contaminated basalt than in the primitive basalts. The feldspar separate that is rich in sodic plagioclase xenocrysts was found to be similar to the whole-rock composition for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb whereas a more dense fraction probably enriched in more calcic plagioclase phenocrysts is more similar to the primitive basalts in lead isotope ratios.The primitive basalts have: ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 18.09–18.34, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 15.5, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 37.6–37.9, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 0.704–0.705. In the primitive basalts from the Southern Rocky Mountains the values of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb are similar to values reported by others for Hawaiian and eastern Honshu basalts and abyssal basalts, whereas ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb tends to be equal to or a little less radiogenic than those from the oceanic localities. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr appears to be equal to or a little greater than those of the oceanic localities. These ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are distinctly less radiogenic and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values are about equal to those reported by others for volcanic islands on oceanic ridges and rises.Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey  相似文献   

Jahreszeitliche untersuchung an bachhydracarinen     

Carl Von Bader 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1963,25(2):166-201

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Nuclear war and climatic change — Guest editorial     

Carl Sagan 《Climatic change》1984,6(1):1-3

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Stress transfer and nonlinear stress accumulation at subduction-type plate boundaries — Application to the Aleutians     

Victor C. Li  Carl Kisslinger 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(6):812-830

A study of stress accumulation in seismic gaps and of stress transfer along linear plate boundaries is presented. Time-dependent reloading of plate boundaries following seismic ruptures is modeled by a modified Elsasser model of a coupled lithosphere/asthenosphere plate system. This model is applied to study a series of large earthquakes in the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska peninsula in 1938–1965. It is found that the Rat Island earthquake and the 1948 earthquake in the central Aleutians are likely to have been triggered by adjacent ruptures, in the sense that their occurrence would have come at a later time had their neighboring segments not been ruptured. Stresses in the Unalaska Gap and the Shumagin gap are at a relatively high level and these segments of the plate boundary may be expected to rupture in the near future. In general, in the ten years (about 16% of the earthquake cycle for the Aleutians) following an earthquake, the stress recovery in the rupture zone is highly nonlinear, resulting in a much more rapid stress accumulation than the linear case. Even at a later stage of an earthquake cycle, adjacent ruptures can cause an acceleration of loading rate in addition to the coseismic stress jump. A good example is the influence of the 1964 Alaska earthquake on the 1938 rupture zone. A general conclusion of this work is that long term earthquake prediction models must take into account the nonlinear stress accumulation behavior in seismic gaps. Also, we have shown the interaction of adjacent plate boundary segments, which suggests that some large earthquakes may have been triggered by nearby ruptures.  相似文献   

Alkali metasomatism in the major gneiss,northwest Adirondacks,New York: open system or closed?     

James D. Carl 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1981,45(9):1603-1607

The thickest clastic unit in the northwest Adirondacks. New York, undergoes gradual transition from amphibolite to granulite facies over a distance of 55 km from Emeryville to Colton. This Precambrian quartz-biotite-oligoclase-K-feldspar gneiss with migmatite characteristics has long been cited as having undergone progressive loss of K, Si, Fe²⁺, Ba and H₂O toward Colton and granulite facies conditions (Engel and Engel, 1958, 1960a. b). Chemical data obtained from new samples, however, cast doubt upon the interpretation of open system alkali metasomatism. Outcrop to outcrop chemical variation is shown to be of similar magnitude to the chemical variation recorded across the entire gneiss belt. Chemical differences between Emeryville and Colton are not those expected from progressive degranitization by loss of alkali-bearing fluid. Ratios of $\text{K}\text{Rb}$ and Ca-Na K suggest that metamorphism was isochemical on the scale of outcrop. These new data were obtained from mixtures of leucosome and fine-grained paragneiss at each of 7 outcrops. The sampling technique contrasts with that of A.E.J. and C. Engel who analyzed leucosome separately from fine grained (‘least altered’) gneiss.  相似文献   

Melting temperatures of the Allende meteorite: implications for a Hadean magma ocean     

Carl B. Agee 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1997,100(1-4):41-47

Melting temperatures of the silicate fraction of the Allende CV3 meteorite, at upper mantle pressures, are several hundred degrees lower than that of fertile peridotite xenoliths or ‘pyrolite’. If the Earth accreted from material similar to chondrites, then deep mantle melting could have occurred with a relatively modest heat budget. It is concluded that initial chemical composition is an important variable in realistic magma ocean models.  相似文献   

Comments on 'Wind stress forcing of the North Sea "Pole Tide" ' by W. P. O'Connor, B. F. Chao, D. Zheng and A. Y. Au     

Carl Wunsch 《Geophysical Journal International》2001,146(1):264-265

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A Landscape Ecology Approach to Assessing Development Impacts in the Tropics: A Geothermal Energy Example in Hawaii   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jerry A. Griffith  Carl C. Trettin  & Robert V. O'Neill 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2002,23(1):1-22

Geographic information systems (GIS) are increasingly being used in environmental impact assessments (EIA) because GIS is useful for analysing spatial impacts of various development scenarios. Spatially representing these impacts provides another tool for landscape ecology in environmental and geographical investigations by facilitating analysis of the effects of landscape pattern on ecological processes and examining change over time. Landscape ecological principles are applied in this study to a hypothetical geothermal development project on the Island of Hawaii. Some common landscape pattern metrics were used to analyse dispersed versus condensed development scenarios and their effect on landscape pattern. Indices of fragmentation and patch shape did not appreciably change with additional development. The amount of forest to open edge, however, greatly increased with the dispersed development scenario. In addition, landscape metrics showed that a human disturbance had a greater simplifying effect on patch shape and also increased fragmentation than a natural disturbance. The use of these landscape pattern metrics can advance the methodology of applying GIS to EIA.  相似文献