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961.
G. Ross Heath David K. Rea Gordon Ness R. Dale Pillsbury Thomas M. Beasley Carlos Lopez Daniel M. Talbert 《Environmental Geology》1984,6(4):189-199
Based on criteria developed by the international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), potential disposal sites for defueled, decommissioned
nuclear submarines appear to exist in deep water south of the Mendocino Fracture Zone within 200 nautical miles of the United
States Oceanographic measurements in the water column and at the sea floor in a study area (W-N) at 39 5°N, 127 5°W will allow
the operational and radiological consequences of deep-sea disposal to be compared with land burial of old submarines. The
W-N studies also are yielding new data that will provide insights to the deposition and early diagenesis of distal hemipelagic
sediments
Royalty-free reproduction of this article by the U S Government or by the authors for U S. Government purposes is permitted. 相似文献
962.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanism in the Central Andes occurs near the boundary of convergent oceanic and continental lithospheric plates. The rocks show a chemical and temporal zonation with respect to the present Chile-Peru trench. It is inferred that the geometry of the subduction zone has not changed in the last 190 m.y.; the continental crust during Jurassic time in northern Chile may have been between 15 and 27 km thick. 相似文献
963.
Carlos E. Mendoza 《Mathematical Geosciences》1986,18(3):307-322
Data, each consisting of a unit vector and a position, are modeled as a smooth unit vector field plus random directional errors; the smooth unit vector field is estimated by fitting a spline to observations. The estimate is nonlinear; it is obtained with an iterative procedure in which, at each step, a least-squares smoothing spline is fitted to a set of pseudovalues. The resulting estimate is exemplified with a data set extracted from the literature in geology. The proposed estimate is compared, using the same data set with that obtained through suggestions of other authors, and is found to have attractive qualities. The use of plots of the resulting estimate to find the appropriate value of the smoothing parameter is emphasized throughout. 相似文献
964.
A critical, textbook-like review of the generalized modal superposition method of evaluating the dynamic response of nonclassically damped linear systems is presented, which it is hoped will increase the attractiveness of the method to structural engineers and its application in structural engineering practice and research. Special attention is given to identifying the physical significance of the various elements of the solution and to simplifying its implementation. It is shown that the displacements of a non-classically damped n-degree-of-freedom system may be expressed as a linear combination of the displacements and velocities of n similarly excited single-degree-of-freedom systems, and that once the natural frequencies of vibration of the system have been determined, its response to an arbitrary excitation may be computed with only minimal computational effort beyond that required for the analysis of a classically damped system of the same size. The concepts involved are illustrated by a series of examples, and comprehensive numerical data for a three-degree-of-freedom system are presented which elucidate the effects of several important parameters. The exact solutions for the system are also compared over a wide range of conditions with those computed approximately considering the system to be classically damped, and the interrelationship of two sets of solutions is discussed. 相似文献
965.
Dr. Carlos Schubert 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1971,60(4):1571-1600
Two grades of metamorphism, both subfacies of the greenschist facies of regional metamorphism, were mapped on the Araya Peninsula: 1. the quartzalbite-epidote-almandine subfacies, consisting mainly of a sequence of garnet and kyanite quartz-mica schists, interlayered with quartzites; and 2. the quartzalbite-muscovite-chlorite subfacies, which consists of chloritic phyllites, quartzmica schists and phyllites, metaconglomerates, calcareous quartz-mica schists, limestones and marbles, and calcareous epidote schists of volcanic origin. The two subfacies are separated by faults. The probable age of these rocks ranges from Triassic(?)-Jurassic to Lower and Middle Cretaceous. Serpentinites intrude rocks of the lower metamorphic grade, and are interpreted as tectonically emplaced. The foliation of these rocks is highly folded by mesoscopic folds, whose axes trend east-northeast and which are overturned to the south-southeast. Lineations parallel to the fold axes and thrusting to the south-southeast are common. These structures reflect a macroscopic structure of antiforms and synforms, all affected by a dominant north-northwest to south-southeast tectonic transport. A system of high-angle or vertical longitudinal faults crosses the peninsula from west-southwest to east-northeast. Evidence of recent strike-slip movement was found, although vertical movement has also been important along these faults. Two tectonic styles exist in the metamorphic rocks. The older one is characterized by compression and thrusting in a south-southeast direction. The younger one is represented by longitudinal faults oriented in an east-northeast direction, with vertical and strike-slip movement. They probably reflect the eastward movement of the Caribbean region with respect to South America. 相似文献
966.
967.
Carlos E. Canosa-Mas Hilary R. Hutton-Squire Martin D. King David J. Stewart Katherine C. Thompson Richard P. Wayne 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,34(1):163-170
The rate coefficients for the reaction between atomic chlorine and a number of naturally occurring species have been measured at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure using the relative rate technique. The values obtained were (4.0 ± 0.8) × 10-10, (2.1 ± 0.5) × 10-10, (3.2 ± 0.5) × 10-10, and (4.9 ± 0.5) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, for reactions with isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein and 3-carene, respectively. The value obtained for isoprene compares favourably with previously reported values. No values have been reported to date for the rate constants of the other reactions. 相似文献
968.
Erika M.Trejos Luis F.O.Silva James C.Hower Eriko M.M.Flores Carlos Mario González Jorge E.Pachón Beatriz H.Aristizábal 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(2):746-755
The influence of emissions of an active volcano on the composition of nanoparticles and ultrafine road dust was identified in an urban area of the Andes.Although many cities are close to active volcanoes,few studies have evaluated their influence in road dust composition.Air quality in urban areas is significantly affected by nonexhaust emissions(e.g.road dust,brake wear,tire wear),however,natural sources such as volcanoes also impact the chemical composition of the particles.In this study,elements from volcanic emissions such as Si>Al>Fe>Ca>K>Mg,and Si-Al with K were identified as complex hydrates.Similarly,As,Hg,Cd,Pb,As,H,Cd,Pb,V,and salammoniac were observed in nanoparticles and ultrafine material.Mineral composition was detected in the order of quartz>mullite>calcite>kaolinite>illite>goethite>magnetite>zircon>monazite,in addition to salammoniac,a tracer of volcanic sources.The foregoing analysis reflects the importance of carrying out more studies relating the influence of volcanic emissions in road dust in order to protect human health.The road dust load(RD10)ranged between 0.8 and 26.8 mg m?2in the city. 相似文献
969.
Lena V. S. Monteiro Roberto P. Xavier Emerson R. de Carvalho Murray W. Hitzman Craig A. Johnson Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho Ignácio Torresi 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(2):129-159
The Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit (245 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au) in the Carajás Mineral Province of Brazil consists
of two major groups of orebodies (Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano and Sossego–Curral) with distinct alteration assemblages that are
separated from each other by a major high angle fault. The deposit is located along a regional WNW–ESE-striking shear zone
that defines the contact between metavolcano–sedimentary units of the ∼2.76 Ga Itacaiúnas Supergroup and tonalitic to trondhjemitic
gneisses and migmatites of the ∼2.8 Ga Xingu Complex. The deposit is hosted by granite, granophyric granite, gabbro, and felsic
metavolcanic rocks. The Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano orebodies have undergone regional sodic (albite–hematite) alteration and
later sodic–calcic (actinolite-rich) alteration associated with the formation of massive magnetite–(apatite) bodies. Both
these alteration assemblages display ductile to ductile–brittle fabrics. They are cut by spatially restricted zones of potassic
(biotite and potassium feldspar) alteration that grades outward to chlorite-rich assemblages. The Sossego–Curral orebodies
contain weakly developed early albitic alteration and very poorly developed subsequent calcic–sodic alteration. These orebodies
contain well-developed potassic alteration assemblages that were formed during brittle deformation that resulted in the formation
of breccia bodies. Breccia matrix commonly displays coarse mineral infill suggestive of growth into open space. Sulfides in
both groups of deposits were precipitated first with potassic alteration and more importantly with a later assemblage of calcite–quartz–epidote–chlorite.
In the Sequeirinho orebodies, sulfides range from undeformed to deformed; sulfides in the Sossego–Curral orebodies are undeformed.
Very late, weakly mineralized hydrolytic alteration is present in the Sossego/Currral orebodies. The sulfide assemblage is
dominated by chalcopyrite with subsidiary siegenite, and millerite. Pyrrhotite and pyrite are minor constituents of ore in
the Sequerinho orebodies while pyrite is relatively abundant in the Sossego–Curral bodies. Oxygen isotope partitioning between
mineral pairs constrains temperatures in the deposit spatially and through time. In the Sequeirinho orebody, the early sodic–calcic
alteration stage was characterized by temperatures exceeding 500°C and values for the alteration fluid of 6.9 ± 0.9‰. Temperature declines outward and upward from the zone of most intense alteration.
Paragenetically later copper–gold mineralization displays markedly lower temperatures (<300°C) and was characterized by the
introduction of 18O-depleted hydrothermal fluids −1.8 ± 3.4‰. The calculated δDH2O and values suggest that the fluids that formed the early calcic–sodic alteration assemblage were of formational/metamorphic or
magmatic origin. The decrease of values through time may reflect influx of surficially derived waters during later alteration and mineralization events. Influx
of such fluids could be related to episodic fluid overpressure, resulting in dilution and cooling of the metalliferous fluid,
causing deposition of metals transported as metal chloride complexes. 相似文献
970.
Martin Reich Carlos Palacios Miguel A. Parada Udo Fehn Eion M. Cameron Matthew I. Leybourne Alejandro Zúñiga 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(6):663-675
The presence of large amounts of atacamite in oxide zones from ore deposits in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile requires
saline solutions for its formation and hyperarid climate conditions for its preservation. We investigated the nature and origin
of atacamite-forming solutions by means of coupling groundwater geochemical analyses with fluid inclusion data, high-resolution
mineralogical observations, and chlorine-36 (36Cl) data in atacamite from the Mantos Blancos and Spence Cu deposits. In both deposits, the salinities of fluid inclusions
in atacamite are comparable to those measured in saline groundwaters sampled from drill holes. The average salinity of fluid
inclusions in atacamite for the Mantos Blancos and Spence deposits (~7–9 and 2–3 wt.% NaCleq, respectively) are strongly correlated to the salinities at which gypsum supersaturates from groundwaters in both deposits
(total dissolved solids ~5–9 and 1–3 wt.% NaCleq, respectively). This correlation is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations of atacamite-bearing samples,
revealing an intimate association between atacamite and gypsum that can be traced down to the nanometer scale. 36Cl data in atacamite provide new lines of evidence concerning the origin and age of the saline waters that formed atacamite
in various stratabound and porphyry Cu deposits from the Atacama Desert. All atacamite samples show very low 36Cl-to-Cl ratios (11 × 10−15 to 28 × 10−15 at at−1), comparable to previously reported 36Cl-to-Cl ratios of deep formation waters and old groundwaters. In addition, 36Cl-to-Cl ratios in atacamite correlate with U and Th concentration in the host rocks but are independent from distance to
the ocean. This trend supports an interpretation of the low 36Cl-to-Cl ratios in atacamite as representing subsurface production of fissiogenic 36Cl in secular equilibrium with the solutions involved in atacamite formation. Therefore, 36Cl in atacamite strongly suggest that the chlorine in saline waters related to atacamite formation is old (>1.5 Ma) but that
atacamite formation occurred more recently (<1.5 Ma) than suggested in previous interpretations. Our data provide new constraints
on the origin of atacamite in Cu deposits from the Atacama Desert and support the recent notion that the formation of atacamite
in hyperarid climates such as the Atacama Desert is an ongoing process that has occurred intermittently since the onset of
hyperaridity. 相似文献