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31.
William T. Buttler Cecilia Soriano Jose M. Baldasano George H. Nickel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,101(3):305-327
Maximum cross-correlation provides a method toremotely de-ter-mine high-lyre-solved three-dimensional fields of horizontalwinds with e-las-tic li-darthrough-out large volumes of the planetaryboundary layer (PBL). This paperdetails the technique and shows comparisonsbetween elastic lidar winds, remotelysensed laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) windprofiles, and radiosonde winds.Radiosonde wind data were acquired at Barcelona,Spain, during the BarcelonaAir-Quality Initiative (1992), and the LDVwind data were acquired at SunlandPark, New Mexico during the 1994 Border AreaAir-Quality Study. Comparisonsshow good agreement between the differentinstruments, and demonstrate the methoduseful for air pollution management at thelocal/regional scale. Elastic lidar windscould thus offer insight into aerosol andpollution transport within the PBL. Lidarwind fields might also be used to nudge orimprove initialization and evaluation ofatmospheric meteorological models. 相似文献
32.
Cecilia Soriano José M. Baldasano William T. Buttler Kurt R. Moore 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(1):33-55
This work examines circulatory patterns of airpollutants in the area of Barcelona (Spain), a regionwith strong coastal and orographic influences. Thiswas achieved through exploitation ofelastic-backscatter lidar data and by numericalsimulation of the atmosphere with a meteorologicalmesoscale model (MEMO). Lidar data were acquired inJuly 1992 during a collaborative campaign between LosAlamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the PolytechnicUniversity of Catalonia (UPC). The lidar providedinformation about the distribution of aerosols and theprevailing winds, determined by application of amaximum cross-correlation algorithm toelastic-backscatter lidar data. Lidar winds are usedto evaluate high altitude winds simulated by themodel. This study showed that circulatory patterns inBarcelona are correlated with daytime convectivevertical mixing, sea-breeze circulations, and verticalforcing caused by mountain thermal and mechanicaleffects. 相似文献
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34.
High pressure, hot water shore cleaning after an oil spill will release high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons to ambient marine ecosystems. The immediate increase of hydrocarbons observed in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, went from background concentrations of 40 μg/g to 657 μg/g and 533 μg/g at a distance of 3 and 8m respectively from the shore. After two weeks the accumulated oil had decreased by 20–45 %. In comparison natural surf and ice cleaning of shores will only produce a small increase in hydrocarbon concentrations. We recommend that high pressure, hot water cleaning is not used in areas where no special bird or wild life protection is needed. 相似文献
35.
Cecilia Möller Eva Alfredsson-Olsson Birgitta Ericsson Kjell Overvåg 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2018,72(4):217-233
The purpose of the study was to analyse how cross-border commuting differed from intranational commuting in Sweden, and how cross-border mobilities affected spatial integration. The authors analysed patterns and spatial flows of cross-border commuting by comparing them with characteristics of intranational commuting. In the article, they explore the assumption that the border constitutes an ‘engine’ for work-related mobility, which affects processes of spatial integration in cross-border areas. The empirical material comprised data from surveys of commuting from the Swedish county of Värmland to Norway and commuting within Värmland. The findings showed that cross-border commuting shared common features with intranational commuting, including how the frequency of commuting was dependent on distance. The motives for commuting differed, and the reasons for working in Norway were economic rather than professional. In terms of spatial integration, cross-border commuting was mainly one-directional, from Sweden to Norway, while leisure mobility and migration tended to be in the opposite direction. The authors conclude that the border region is characterised by integration through specialisation, which involves a permanent state of ‘transient’ mobility. Thus, a win-win situation can be distinguished, in which the border serves as a resource and an ‘engine’ for cross-border integration, mobility and economic activities. 相似文献
36.
Introductions of non-indigenous species (NIS) are mostly discussed through their impact on biodiversity. However, NIS can also act as ecosystem engineers, influencing the habitat itself, positively or negatively, directly or indirectly, which should be included when making risk assessments. Special concern should be given to changes in ecological services provided by the ecosystem. Physically, NIS may affect the substrate itself, or alter habitat architecture, indirectly influencing water movements, sediment accumulation, and light conditions. Chemical changes brought upon by NIS occur both on small and large scales, some having positive effects on ecosystem services, others can perturb epibionts. Furthermore, NIS may negatively affect natural resources, aquaculture or create fouling communities, all resulting in a negative impact on economics. However, if removed, already established NIS can be used as bioremediators, having a positive effect on different ecosystems. Using NIS for habitat management may be economically profitable, but could affect the habitat adversely. 相似文献
37.
Rodolfo H. Barbá Jesús Maíz Apellániz Enrique Pérez Mónica Rubio Alberto Bolatto Cecilia Fariña Guillermo Bosch Nolan R. Walborn 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2009,324(2-4):309-313
We present the first high-spatial-resolution near-infrared (NIR) imaging of NGC604, obtained with the NICMOS camera onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). These NICMOS broad-band images reveal new NIR point sources, clusters, and diffuse structures. We find an excellent spatial correlation between the 8.4 GHz radio continuum and the 2.2 μm nebular emission. Moreover, massive young stellar object candidates appear aligned with these radio peaks, reinforcing the idea that those areas are star-forming regions. Three different scaled OB associations are recognized in the NICMOS images. The brightest NIR sources in our images have properties that suggest that they are red supergiant stars, of which one was previously known. This preliminary analysis of the NICMOS images shows the complexity of the stellar content of the NGC604 nebula. 相似文献
38.
The transmission electron microscope (TEM) allows a detailed characterization of textural and chemical features of fluid inclusions (shape, inner compositions and inner textures), at a resolution higher than that attainable with an optical microscope (OM). TEM investigation indicates that most fluid inclusions appear as perfectly euhedral negative crystals, with variable shape (from prismatic to equant) and size (typically from <0.02 to 0.15 μm). Inner texture (fluid phase/melt distribution) and composition are variable as well. Different kinds of negative crystals may coexist in the same trail of inclusions, possibly indicating locally variable trapping conditions.
A critical feature, revealed by TEM, is that inclusions are often connected to structural defects (in particular, to dislocation arrays), which are undetected by optical microscopy. The identification of these hidden nanostructures should be taken into account for the correct petrological interpretation of microthermometric results, particularly when controversial data have been obtained. In fact, these nanostructures may represent a possible path for fluid phase leakage, thus modifying the original composition and/or density of the inclusions. 相似文献
39.
Summary During the summer season, typhoons form in the western north Pacific Ocean and travel westward towards China. Some recurve
northward off the coast, whereas others continue in over land. These typhoons bring heavy rainfall to the Huai river basin
in eastern central China. In August 1975, the remnant of typhoon Nina caused exceptionally heavy rainfall in the Hongru river
basin, in the mountainous upper reaches of the Huai river. The rainfall lasted five days from 4 to 8 August. This type of
nearly stationary typhoon can cause rainfall of large intensity for a long duration, and is suitable for maximization to derive
probable maximum precipitation (PMP) estimates. The PMP is transformed into a probable maximum flood hydrograph that is subsequently
used to design spillways etc. In this study the PMP values have been estimated using a hydrometeorological method involving
depth-area-duration analysis, moisture maximization, and altitude adjustment for typhoon Nina, for 1, 2, and 3 days duration.
Areal PMP values were obtained for the entire Hongru river catchment, as well as for the subcatchments upstream the dams at
Banqiao (762 km2), Shimantan (230 km2), Boshan (580 km2), and Suyahu (4 498 km2). For point values, the PMP was estimated to 1 200 mm/day, 1 460 mm/2 days, and 1 910 mm/3 days at altitudes about 100 m,
which agrees well with previous studies.
Received February 21, 1997 Revised May 27, 1997 相似文献
40.