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111.
G. Bala Ken Caldeira Rama Nemani Long Cao George Ban-Weiss Ho-Jeong Shin 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(5-6):915-931
Recent studies have shown that changes in solar radiation affect the hydrological cycle more strongly than equivalent CO2 changes for the same change in global mean surface temperature. Thus, solar radiation management ??geoengineering?? proposals to completely offset global mean temperature increases by reducing the amount of absorbed sunlight might be expected to slow the global water cycle and reduce runoff over land. However, proposed countering of global warming by increasing the albedo of marine clouds would reduce surface solar radiation only over the oceans. Here, for an idealized scenario, we analyze the response of temperature and the hydrological cycle to increased reflection by clouds over the ocean using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed layer ocean model. When cloud droplets are reduced in size over all oceans uniformly to offset the temperature increase from a doubling of atmospheric CO2, the global-mean precipitation and evaporation decreases by about 1.3% but runoff over land increases by 7.5% primarily due to increases over tropical land. In the model, more reflective marine clouds cool the atmospheric column over ocean. The result is a sinking motion over oceans and upward motion over land. We attribute the increased runoff over land to this increased upward motion over land when marine clouds are made more reflective. Our results suggest that, in contrast to other proposals to increase planetary albedo, offsetting mean global warming by reducing marine cloud droplet size does not necessarily lead to a drying, on average, of the continents. However, we note that the changes in precipitation, evaporation and P-E are dominated by small but significant areas, and given the highly idealized nature of this study, a more thorough and broader assessment would be required for proposals of altering marine cloud properties on a large scale. 相似文献
112.
Muhammad Ilyas Agus Sudaryanto Iwan Eka Setiawan Tomohiko Isobe Shin Takahashi 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(1):89-98
A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from <DL-420, <DL-35 and <DL-5.4 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources. 相似文献
113.
Expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes from the copper-exposed polychaete, Neanthes succinea
To evaluate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes as a potential indicator of environmental stress, we cloned and sequenced the full-length cDNA of a Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD genes from the marine polychaete, Neanthes succinea. Ns-Cu/Zn- and Mn-SOD expression was measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR in response to the oxidative stress induced by copper in the form of CuCl2. Ns-Cu/Zn-SOD expression increased in a dose dependent manner but the increase of Mn-SOD expression was evident only at a high concentration of copper. Particularly, Ns-Mn-SOD dramatically increased in the 72 μg/L CuCl2-exposed groups, indicating that both Ns-SOD genes were induced by copper exposure. These results suggest that Ns-Cu/Zn- and Ns-Mn-SOD would play important roles in the detoxification of cellular oxidative stresses in the polychaete, N. succinea. Furthermore, as part of field work, the marine polychaete, N. succineaCu/Zn-SOD mRNA collected from the polluted area was accordingly upregulated in expression but not for NS-Mn-SOD. 相似文献
114.
Flow cytometry was used to examine immune responses in haemocytes of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis under six combinations of oxygen level (1.5 mg O2 l(-1), 6.0 mg O2 l(-1)) and temperature (20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C) at 24 h, 48 h, 96 h and 168 h. The mussels were then transferred to normoxic condition (6.0 mg O2 l(-1)) at 20 °C for further 24 h to study their recovery from the combined hypoxic and temperature stress. Esterase (Est), reactive oxygen species (ROS), lysosome content (Lyso) and phagocytosis (Pha) were reduced at high temperatures, whereas hypoxia resulted in higher haemocyte mortality (HM) and reduced phagocytosis. For HM and Pha, changes were observed after being exposed to the stresses for 96 h, whereas only a 24 h period was required for ROS and Lyso, and a 48 h one for Est. Recovery from the stresses was observed for HM and Pha but not other immune responses. 相似文献
115.
Stabilization of arsenic-contaminated mine tailings using natural and calcined oyster shells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Deok Hyun Moon Kyoung-Woong Kim In-Ho Yoon Dennis G. Grubb Dae-Yewn Shin Kyung Hoon Cheong Hyung-Il Choi Yong Sik Ok Jeong-Hun Park 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(3):597-605
Natural oyster shells (NOS) and calcined oyster shells (COS) were used to immobilize arsenic (As) from contaminated mine tailings.
In addition, a blend of Portland cement (PC)/cement kiln dust (CKD) was used as a stabilizing agent. The Korean Standard Test
(KST) method (1 N HCl extraction) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. The experimental results showed
that COS effectively immobilized As in treated mine tailings. Specifically, an As concentration less than 1 mg L−1 was obtained following COS treatment at 25 and 30 wt%. However, all the samples subjected to NOS treatments failed the Korean
warning standard of 1.2 mg L−1 after 28 days of curing. All of the COS-PC treatments were successful meeting the Korean warning standard after 7 days of
curing. However, the PC-only treatment failed to meet the Korean warning standard. Similarly, the CKD-only treatment was failed
to meet the Korean warning standard after 7 days of curing. However, the COS-CKD treatment showed that when the COS content
was greater than 20 wt%, less than 1 mg L−1 of As leachability was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) showed needle-like
and torpedo-like Ca–As phases in the COS-treated samples suggesting that As was strongly associated with Ca and O. X-ray absorption
near edge structure (XANES) analyses confirmed that As(V) was prevalent in the tailings and that there were no changes in
As speciation following NOS or COS treatment. 相似文献
116.
Characterizing lipid biomarkers in methanotrophic communities of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the Sea of Okhotsk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jin-Yong Yang Kyung-Ho Chung Young-Keun Jin Kyung-Hoon Shin 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(10):1884-1898
We studied specific lipid biomarkers of archaea and bacteria, that are associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in a cold seep environment as well as the origin of sedimentary organic matter on the continental slope off NE Sakhalin in the Sea of Okhotsk. The organic geochemical parameters demonstrated that most of the sedimentary organic matter containing hydrate layers could be derived from marine phytoplankton and bacteria, except for a station (LV39-29H) which was remarkably affected by terrestrial vascular plant. Specific methanotrophic archaea biomarkers was vertically detected in hydrate-bearing cores (LV39-40H), coinciding with the negative excursion of the δ13Corg at core depths of 90–100 cm below the seafloor. These results suggest that methane provided from gas hydrates are already available substrates for microbes thriving in this sediment depth. In addition, the stable isotope mass balance method revealed that approximately 2.77–3.41% of the total organic carbon (or 0.036–0.044% dry weight sediment) was generated by the activity of the AOM consortium in the corresponding depth of core LV39-40H. On the other hand, the heavier δ13C values of archaeol in the gas hydrate stability zone may allow ongoing methanogenesis in deeper sediment depth. 相似文献
117.
The possible change in the characteristics of weather in the future should be considered as important as the mean climate change because the increasing risk of extremes is related to the variability on daily time scales. The weather characteristics can be represented by the climatological mean interdiurnal (day-to-day) variability (MIDV). This paper first assessed the phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project coupled climate models’ capability to represent MIDV for the surface maximum and minimum temperature, surface wind speed and precipitation under the present climate condition. Based on the assessment, we selected three best models for projecting future change. We found that the future changes in MIDV are characterized by: (a) a marked reduction in surface maximum and minimum temperature over high latitudes during the cold season; (b) a stronger reduction in the surface minimum temperature than in the maximum temperature; (c) a reduction in surface wind speed over large parts of lands in Northern Hemisphere (NH) during NH spring; (d) a noticeable increase in precipitation in NH mid-high latitudes in NH spring and winter, and in particular over East Asia throughout most of the year. 相似文献
118.
Hong Seok-Hwi Yoo Dong-Geun Lee Gwang-Soo Kim Jin Cheul Yi Sangheon Kim Gil-Young Bahk Jang-Jun Yu Shin 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2022,43(4):1-18
Marine Geophysical Research - This study entails the characterization of the depositional environment of the Hupo Basin shelf. By means of sedimentary structure analysis, grain size, textures,... 相似文献
119.
Shin Chang-Woong Min Hong Sik Lee Seok Kang Hyoun-Woo Ku Bonhwa Kim Dong Guk Park Joonseong Kwon Soonyeol Choi Byoung-Ju 《Ocean Science Journal》2022,57(3):365-380
Ocean Science Journal - The seasonal and spatial variation of the current structure and volume transport across the Jeju Strait (JS) is described based on an analysis of the data from five bottom... 相似文献
120.
Shin Nagai Taro Nakai Taku M. Saitoh Robert C. Busey Hideki Kobayashi Rikie Suzuki Hiroyuki Muraoka Yongwon Kim 《Polar Science》2013,7(2):125-135
Evaluation of the carbon, water, and energy balances in evergreen coniferous forests requires accurate in situ and satellite data regarding their spatio-temporal dynamics. Daily digital camera images can be used to determine the relationships among phenology, gross primary productivity (GPP), and meteorological parameters, and to ground-truth satellite observations. In this study, we examine the relationship between seasonal variations in camera-based canopy surface indices and eddy-covariance-based GPP derived from field studies in an Alaskan open canopy black spruce forest and in a Japanese closed canopy cedar forest. The ratio of the green digital number to the total digital number, hue, and GPP showed a bell-shaped seasonal profile at both sites. Canopy surface images for the black spruce forest and cedar forest mainly detected seasonal changes in vegetation on the floor of the forest and in the tree canopy, respectively. In contrast, the seasonal cycles of the ratios of the red and blue digital numbers to the total digital numbers differed between the two sites, possibly due to differences in forest structure and leaf color. These results suggest that forest structural characteristics, such as canopy openness and seasonal forest-floor changes, should be considered during continuous observations of phenology in evergreen coniferous forests. 相似文献