Monthly summaries of merchant ship surface marine observations and implications for climate variability studies     

Réjean Michaud  Charles A Lin 《Climate Dynamics》1992,7(1):45-55

We compute the interannual fluctuations of the surface heat budget of the North Atlantic using the trimmed monthly summaries of the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere DataSet (COADS) for the period 1950–1979. The presence of long-period trends in the heat budget imply large variations of the northward cross-equatorial heat transport over the years. To assess the reliability of these variations, we compare the COADS climate signal to that derived from the ocean weather stations (OWSs) of the North Atlantic. The sea surface temperature, air temperature and sea level pressure show good correlation between the anomaly time series derived from the merchant ship monthly summaries of COADS, and those derived from OWS monthly summaries, except for northernmost locations during winter. In contrast, the sensible and latent heat parameters, which require simultaneous measurements of various variables, have merchant ships and ocean weather stations anomaly time series that are poorly correlated. Only in heavily travelled latitudes and during winter, when the air-sea heat exchange anomalies are large, are the merchant ship measurements able to reproduce the interannual fluctuations of the heat fluxes. The long-period trends in the surface heat budget of North Atlantic equatorward of 40° N implied by COADS thus appear unrepresentative of true climate trends. The COADS trends result from a gradual increase in the magnitude of the reported winds over the years due probably to variations in the ratio of measured to estimated winds, as well as from long period fluctuations in the near surface vertical temperature and humidity gradients. Offprint requests to: R Michaud  相似文献   

The mechanisms of finite brittle strain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Geoffrey C. P. King  Charles G. Sammis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,138(4):611-640

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Seismoglaziologische Untersuchungen nahe Byrd Station,Antarktis     

Dr. Heinz Kohnen  Prof. Dr. Charles R. Bentley 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1973,22(2-3):311-324

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Engineering problems and rock mechanics: some examples     

Charles Jaeger 《Engineering Geology》1973,7(4):333-358

Jaeger, C., 1973. Engineering problems and rock mechanics: some examples. Eng. Geol., 7: 333–358.

The purpose of this paper is to show how rock mechanics interprets geologic information and helps to adapt engineering design to rock conditions. The paper analyses eight case histories of large engineering projects. In five cases the designers took careful account of the conditions prevailing in the rock masses, the rock characteristics, the strength of the rock and the modified stress—strain pattern created by the new structure. The intrinsic curve of the rock mass, the Coulomb condition, the residual stresses and theE-modulus in the families of joints are among the more important characteristics of the rock mass. In two case histories, it is shown how an erroneous estimate of the cleft-water pressures caused disaster.

Rock mechanics is a necessary link between engineering and geology.  相似文献   

Effect of thermal effluent on migrating menhaden     

James S. Young  Charles I. Gibson 《Marine pollution bulletin》1973,4(6):94-96

Hot water effluent from power stations kills juvenile menhaden migrating through Long Island Sound. Since the fish sink to the bottom, losses are unrecorded or at best under-estimated. Other fish are probably also affected. Menhaden in Long Island Sound contribute to the commercial fishery off the eastern seaboard of the United States. At present the losses have little impact on the fishery, but if the projected increase in hot water discharges into the Sound materializes the consequences may be serious.  相似文献   

Distributions of secondary muons at sea level from cosmic gamma rays below 10 TeV     

J. Poirier  S. Roesler  A. Fass 《Astroparticle Physics》2002,17(4):1247-458

The Monte Carlo program is used to predict the distributions of the muons which originate from primary cosmic gamma rays and reach sea level. The main result is the angular distribution of muons produced by vertical gamma rays which is necessary to predict the inherent angular resolution of any instrument utilizing muons to infer properties of gamma ray primaries. Furthermore, various physical effects are discussed which affect these distributions in differing proportions.  相似文献   

Glaciotectonic structures and their relation to topography at Dinas Dinlle,Arvon, northwest Wales     

Charles Harris  Peter J. Brabham  Graham D. Williams 《第四纪科学杂志》1995,10(4):397-397

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‘Copernicus’ observations of extragalactic X-ray sources     

A. C. Fabian  R. J. Mitchell  P. J. N. Davison  P. A. Charles  J. L. Culhane 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1976,42(1):249-254

The MSSL X-ray detectors onCopernicus have been used to study a number of extragalactic objects. At least three classes of unresolved sources are found and we suggest that accretion may be the dominant mechanism. The mass of the accreting object then determines the X-ray emission properties.Paper presented at the COSPAR Symposium on Fast Transients in X- and Gamma-Rays, held at Varna, Bulgaria, 29–31 May, 1975.  相似文献   

Major and trace elements in igneous rocks from apollo 15     

Philip A. Helmke  Douglas P. Blanchard  Larry A. Haskin  Karen Telander  Charles Weiss  Jeffrey W. Jacobs 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1973,8(1-2):129-148

The concentrations of major and trace elements have been determined in igneous rocks from Apollo 15. All materials analyzed have typical depletions of Eu except for minerals separated from sample 15085. Four samples have concentrations of trace elements that are similar to those of KREEP. The samples of mare basalt from Apollo 15 have higher concentrations of FeO, MgO, Mn, and Cr and lower concentrations of CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, and rare-earth elements (REE) as compared to the samples of mare basalt from Apollos 11, 12, and 14. The samples can be divided into two groups on the basis of their normative compositions. One group is quartz normative and has low concentrations of FeO while the other is olivine normative and has high concentrations of FeO. The trace element data indicate that the samples of olivine normative basalt could be from different portions of a single lava flow. At least two and possible three parent magmas can be identified from the samples of the quartz normative group on the basis of their concentration ratios of Sm to Eu. Within each group, the compositions of the samples appear to be related by crystallization of olivine or pyroxene. Significant variations of the ratio of concentration of Sm to Eu cannot be produced without plagioclase-liquid equilibrium. The source material of mare basalt may be depleted in Eu. Alternatively, the magmas may have assimilated a small volume of material similar to KREEP.Paper dedicated to Prof. Harold C. Urey on the occasion of his 80th birthday on 29 April 1973.  相似文献   

On redshifts and number counts of extragalactic objects in two cosmological models     

Charles J. Krieger  Jan-Erik Solheim 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1973,23(2):325-338

Observed redshifts and magnitudes of seven classes of extragalactic objects, and number counts of QSRS are compared with predictions made by cosmological models. The uniform model U 1 and the proposed non-expanding model RHL 5 represent the observations very well. The latter offers numerous advantages. Absolute magnitudes and colors are determined.  相似文献