Autosuspension and the energetics of two-phase flows: Reply to comments on ‘experimental test of autosuspension’ by J. B. Southard and M. E. Mackintosh     

Chris Paola  John B. Southard 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1983,8(3):273-279

The experimental programme of Southard and Mackintosh (1981) provides a definitive refutation of the autosuspension criterion as it was originally defined. A simple energy budget for dilute two-phase flow is derived from continuum theory of mixtures; it shows that Bagnold's criterion is based on an arbitrary comparison of two elements of the complete two-phase system. It is recommended that facile, ab hoc criteria for the behaviour of such complex flows be avoided in favour of analyses based on fundamental equations of motion.  相似文献   

Global change and the intensification of agriculture in the tropics   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

Eric Keys  William J. McConnell 《Global Environmental Change》2005,15(4):320-337

Bridging understanding of local environmental change with regional and global patterns of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) remains a key goal and challenge for our understanding of global environmental change. This meta-analysis attempts to bridge local and regional scales of LUCC by demonstrating the ways in which previously published case studies can be compared and used for a broader regional synthesis in the tropics. In addition to providing results from a meta-analysis, this paper suggests ways to make future case studies more widely comparable.  相似文献   

Parajamesonite revisited: background of the discreditation of an enigmatic mineral species     

Gábor Papp  Alan J. Criddle  Chris J. Stanley  László Kriston  Géza Nagy 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2007,100(3):495-502

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Late Quaternary-Holocene lake-level changes in the eastern margin of the Thar Desert,India     

Hema Achyuthan  Amal Kar  Chris Eastoe 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(4):493-507

A study on two closed salt lake basins, Tal Chapar and Parihara in the eastern margin of the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, was carried out to unravel late Quaternary geomorphic evolution of these saline lakes. Both lakes are elliptical in shape bordered by stabilised dunes, and are oriented in a NE-SW direction, i.e., in the direction of the prevailing summer monsoon wind. Both lakes have been formed in the wind-shadow zones of isolated hills of Precambrian quartzite. Our study indicates that the late Quaternary sediments in the lakes began with the cyclic deposition of laminated fine silt layers (0.5 m thick), rich in organic matter, alternating with ripple cross-bedded sand layers (each ∼1.5–2 m thick). Sand layers that are moderately sorted are separated by laminated silt-clay layers with gypsum/calcite and this unit occurs in the upper most 4 m sequence in deeper sections. The presence of gypsum crystals within the laminated sediments suggests a high concentration of Ca in the inflowing water. At Parihara Lake the organic carbon-rich sediments at 95 cm depth was dated to 7,375 + 155/−150 year BP. At Tal Chapar radiocarbon dates of 7,190 + 155/−150 and 9,903 + 360/−350 was obtained from the sediments rich in organic carbon occurring at a depth of 1.35 m and 1.80 m, respectively. The study reveals strong hydrologic oscillations during the past ∼14,000 year BP (13,090 + 310/−300 year BP). Quaternary geomorphic processes, especially the strong aeolian processes during dry climatic phases, played a major role in the formation of the lake basins, as well as the fringing linear dunes. Geochemical and mineralogical analyses of the lacustrine sediments, supported by radiocarbon dates indicate the existence of an ephemeral lake earlier than ∼13,000 year BP as sediments began to be deposited in a lacustrine environment implying sustained runoff in the catchments. A freshwater lake formed between 9,000 year and 7,000 year BP. The lake dried periodically and this strong fluctuating regime continued until about ∼7,000 year BP. Mid-Holocene was wet and this was possibly due to higher winter rains A saline lake existed between 6,000 year and 1,300 year BP and finally present day semi arid conditions set in since 1,200 year BP. Remnants of a habitation site (hearth and charred bones) on stabilised dune at Devani near Tal Chapar were dated to 240 ± 120 year, while that at Gopalpura was dated to 335 ± 90 year. These historical sites on stabilised dunes were, according to the local accounts, settlements of people who used the lake brine for manufacturing salt.  相似文献   

Location-based services: technical and business issues   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

Diep Dao  Chris Rizos  Jinling Wang 《GPS Solutions》2002,6(3):169-178

Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies are expanding their traditional applications to embrace a stream of consumer-focused, location-based applications. Through an integration with handheld devices capable of wireless communication and mobile computing, a wide range of what may be generically referred to as 'Location-Based Services' (LBS) may be offered to mobile users. A location-based service is able to provide targeted spatial information to mobile workers and consumers. These include utility location information, personal or asset tracking, concierge and route-guidance information, to name just a few of the possible LBS. The technologies and applications of LBS will play an ever increasingly important role in the modern, mobile, always-connected society. This paper endeavours to provide some background to the technology underlying location-based services, and to discuss some issues related to developing and launching LBS. These include whether wireless mobile technologies are ready to support LBS, which mobile positioning technologies can be used and what are their shortcomings, and how GIS developers manipulate spatial information to generate appropriate map images on mobile devices (such as cell phones and PDAs). In addition, the authors discuss such issues as interoperability, privacy protection and the market demand for LBS. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED GPS/GLONASS CARRIER PHASE-BASED POSITIONING   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

DAI LiwenHAN ShaoweiChris Rizos 《地球空间信息科学学报》2001,4(4):9-18

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DNAPL Removal from a Heterogeneous Alluvial Aquifer by Surfactant- Enhanced Aquifer Remediation     

John T. Londergan  Hans W. Meinardus  Paul E. Manner  Richard E. Jackson  Chris L. Brown  Varadarajan Dwarakanath  Gary A. Pope  Jon S. Ginn  Sam Taffinder 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2001,21(3):71-81

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Improving the computational efficiency of the ambiguity function algorithm   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

Shaowei Han  Chris Rizos 《Journal of Geodesy》1996,70(6):330-341

Techniques are described in this paper for improving the Ambiguity Function Method (AFM) for differential GPS positioning using phase observations, (a) that take advantage of optimal dual-frequency observable combinations to improve thereliability of the AFM, and (b) that significantly shorten the computation time necessary for the AFM. The procedure can be used for kinematic positioning applications if a Kalman filter predicted position is accurate enough as an initial position for the suggested AFM searching procedure, or pseudokinematic mode using say a triple-difference solution as an initial position for static positioning if the baseline length is short (typically <5km).  相似文献   

Processes in the surface mixed layer of the ocean     

Chris Garrett 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1996,23(1-4)

Models for the evolution of the surface mixed layer need to be improved to include dominant processes such as Langmuir circulation. It is shown that the wave forcing in Langmuir circulation models is much stronger than that due to a surface buoyancy loss, and studies of the erosion by the cells of a pre-existing stratification are described. Mixed layer models will also need to allow for horizontal inhomogeneity. It is shown, for example, that the horizontal buoyancy gradient that may be left behind after a storm produces restratification that can be significant. The nonlinearity of the equation of state is another real-world factor; it gives rise to an annual average surface buoyancy that is misleading as it is compensated by interior cabbeling. Current work linking the mixed layer to water mass formation is also introduced.  相似文献   

Forward modelling of porosity and pore pressure evolution in sedimentary basins   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

D. M. Audet  J. D. C. McConnell 《Basin Research》1992,4(2):147-162

The gravitational compaction of sediments is an important process in forward basin modelling. This paper presents a mathematical model for the one-dimensional compaction of an accreting layer of argillaceous sediments. Realistic constitutive laws for the clay compressibility and the clay permeability, based on soil mechanics tests, were incorporated into the model. The governing equations were put in dimensionless form and the extent of abnormal pore fluid pressure development was found to depend on the sedimentation parameter, a dimensionless group representing the ratio of the sediment hydraulic conductivity to the sediment accumulation rate. The effects of clay compressibility were studied and highly colloidal clays such as montmorillonite developed higher overpressures than less compressible materials. The results also showed that overpressuring developed in shales for cases in which the clay permeability did not go to zero in the limit of zero porosity. Linear models based on simplifying assumptions inappropriate for sedimentary basins were found to give significantly different estimates for the conditions leading to overpressuring. Using reasonable parameters, the model adequately reproduced porosity and pore pressure profiles measured in the sand-shale sequences of the South Caspian Sea.  相似文献