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31.
The structure of the atmospheric stationary planetary waves is obtained by means of the quasi‐geostrophic linear model developed by Matsuno (1 970). To show the influence of the upper boundary condition on the structure of the waves, the latter is computed using a rigid top and a radiation condition. The modifications to the wave structure obtained when the upper boundary is lowered from a height of 65 km to 42.5 km, 32.5 km, and 22.5 km are examined. The effects of varying the vertical grid increment are studied through a comparison of the wave structures obtained with 6, 12, and 24 levels between 5 and 65 km. 相似文献
32.
Marc Fouchard Elena Lega Christiane Froeschlé Claude Froeschlé 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2002,83(1-4):205-222
It is already known (Froeschlé et al., 1997a) that the fast Lyapunov indicator (hereafter FLI), i.e. the computation on a relatively short time of a quantity related to the largest Lyapunov indicator, allows us to discriminate between ordered and weak chaotic motion. Using the FLI many results have been obtained on the standard map taken as a model problem. On this model we are not only able to discriminate between a short time weak chaotic motion and an ordered one, but also among regular motion between non resonant and resonant orbits. Moreover, periodic orbits are characterised by constant FLI values which appear to be related to the order of periodic orbits (Lega and Froeschlé, 2001). In the present paper we extend all these results to the case of continuous dynamical systems (the Hénon and Heiles system and the restricted three-body problem). Especially for the periodic orbits we need to introduce a new value: the orthogonal FLI in order to fully recover the results obtained for mappings. 相似文献
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34.
Marc Fouchard Christiane Froeschlé Giovanni Valsecchi Hans Rickman 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2006,95(1-4):299-326
We introduce a model for integrating the effects of Galactic tides on Oort cloud comets, which involves two procedures, according to the values of the osculating semi-major axis a and eccentricity e. Ten simulations of the dynamics of 106 comets over 5 Gyr are performed using this model. We thus investigate the long-term effects of the Galactic tide with and without a radial component, the effects of the local density of the Galactic disk, and those of the Oort constants. Most of the results may be understood in terms of the integrability or non-integrability of the system. For an integrable system, which occurs for moderate semi-major axes with or without radial component, the dynamics is explained by periodic variation of the cometary perihelion, inducing the depletion of the outer region of the Oort cloud, a constant flux from the inner region after 500 Myr, and the quick formation of a reservoir of comets with argument of perihelion near 26.6°. When the system is non-integrable, the efficiency of the tide in reducing the cometary perihelion distance is enhanced both by replenishing the Oort cloud domain from which comets are sent toward the planetary system, and by reducing the minimal value that the perihelion distance may reach. No effects of varying the Oort constants were observed, showing that the flat rotation curve is a satisfactory approximation in Oort cloud dynamics. 相似文献
35.
Patrick Michel Christiane Froeschlé Paolo Farinella 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1997,69(1-2):133-147
In the last three years we have carried out numerical and semi-analytical studies on the secular dynamical mechanisms in the
region (semimajor axis a < 2 AU) where the NEA orbits evolve. Our numerical integrations (over a time span of a few Myr) have
shown that: (i) the linear secular resonances with both the inner and the outer planets may play an important role in the
dynamical evolution of NEAs; (ii) the apsidal secular resonance with Mars could provide an important dynamical transport mechanism
by which asteroids in the Mars-crossing region eventually achieve Earth-crossing orbits; (iii) in this region, due to the
interaction with the terrestrial planets, the Kozai resonance can occur at small inclinations, with the argument of perihelion
ω librating around 0° or 180°, providing a temporary protection mechanism against close approaches to the planets.
The location of the linear secular resonances in this zone has also been obtained by an automatic procedure using a semi-numerical
method valid for all values of the inclinations and eccentricities of the small bodies, and also in the case of libration
of the argument of perihelion. A map of the secular resonances in the (a, i) plane shows — in agreement with the numerical
integrations — that all the resonances with the terrestrial and giant planets are present, and also that some of them overlap.
Thus the way is now open to fully take into account secular resonances in modelling the dynamical evolution of NEAs.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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37.
Thomas M. Missimer Christiane Hoppe-Jones Khan Z. Jadoon Dong Li Samir K. Al-Mashharawi 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(8):1921-1934
Wadi alluvial aquifers located along coastal areas of the Middle East have been assumed to be suitable sources of feed water for seawater reverse osmosis facilities based on high productivity, connectedness to the sea for recharge, and the occurrence of seawater with chemistry similar to that in the adjacent Red Sea. An investigation of the intersection of Wadi Wasimi with the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia has revealed that the associated predominantly unconfined alluvial aquifer divides into two sand-and-gravel aquifers at the coast, each with high productivity (transmissivity?=?42,000 m2/day). This aquifer system becomes confined near the coast and contains hypersaline water. The hydrogeology of Wadi Wasimi shows that two of the assumptions are incorrect in that the aquifer is not well connected to the sea because of confinement by very low hydraulic conductivity terrigenous and marine muds and the aquifer contains hypersaline water as a result of a hydraulic connection to a coastal sabkha. A supplemental study shows that the aquifer system contains a diverse microbial community composed of predominantly of Proteobacteria with accompanying high percentages of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria. 相似文献
38.
Beate Orberger Christiane Wagner Alina Tudryn Richard Wirth Rachael Morgan José D. Fabris Jean Marc Greneche Carlos Rosière 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(9):651-667
The pseudomorphic transformation of magnetite into hematite (martitization) is widespread in geological environments, but the process and mechanism of this transformation is still not fully understood. Micro- and nano-scale techniques—scanning electron microscopy, focused ion bean transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy—were used in combination with X-ray diffraction, Curie balance and magnetic hysteresis analyses, as well as Mössbauer spectroscopy on martite samples from a banded iron formation (2.9 Ga, Dharwar Craton, India), and from lateritic soils, which have developed on siliciclastic and volcanic rocks previously affected by metamorphic fluids (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Octahedral crystals from both samples are composed of hematite with minor patches of magnetite, but show different structures. The Indian crystals show trellis of subhedral magnetite hosting maghemite in sharp contact with interstitial hematite crystals, which suggests exsolution along parting planes. Grain boundary migrations within the hematite point to dynamic crystallization during deformation. Dislocations and fluid inclusions in hematite reflect its precipitation related to a hydrothermal event. In the Brazilian martite, dislocations are observed and maghemite occurs as Insel structures and nano-twin sets. The latter, typical for the hematite, are a transformation product from maghemite into hematite. For both samples, a deformation-induced hydrothermally driven transformation from magnetite via maghemite to hematite is proposed. The transformation from magnetite into maghemite comprises intermediate non-stoichiometric magnetite steps related to a redox process. This study shows that martite found in supergene environment may result from earlier hypogene processes. 相似文献
39.
We survey the job situation of women in astronomy in Germany and of German women abroad and review indicators for their career development. Our sample includes women astronomers from all academic levels from doctoral students to professors, as well as female astronomers who have left the field. We find that networking and human support are among the most important factors for success. Experience shows that students should carefully choose their supervisor and collect practical knowledge abroad. We reflect the private situation of female German astronomers and find that prejudices are abundant, and are perceived as discriminating. We identify reasons why women are more likely than men to quit astronomy after they obtain their PhD degree. We give recommendations to young students on what to pay attention to in order tobe on the successful path in astronomy (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
40.