Strategic planning in the Paris region and French urban policy     

Christopher H. Flockton 《Geoforum》1982,13(3):193-208

Many of the imbalances which the successive strategic plans for the Paris region sought to correct have persisted, whether in employment location, transport access or structure and location of the housing stock. The reasons for these relative failures can be found, in part, in the content of the strategies, in housing, land and transport policies and in shortcomings of the urban planning and economic planning systems. The weakness of the Paris Region as the strategy's executor in relation to the central and local governments and public corporations cannot, however, be underestimated. In the first part, French strategic planning is assessed within the urban planning system, followed in the second part by a detailed study of the failures of plan implementation in transport policy and housing and office location.  相似文献   

Strontium isotope geochemistry of late cretaceous granodiorites,Jamaica and Haiti,greater Antilles     

L.M. Jones  Raymond L. Walker  S.E. Kesler  John F. Lewis 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,43(1):112-116

Initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios have been determined for a representative suite of Upper Cretaceous granodiorites and associated rocks from the Above Rocks composite stock in central Jamaica and the Terre-Neuve pluton in northwestern Haiti. The average initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio for severn samples of the Terre-Neuve intrusion is 0.7036, with a range of 0.7026–0.7047. For two samples of the Above Rocks the initial ratios are 0.7033 and 0.7034. A third sample from this intrusive has an initial ratio of 0.7084, which is tenatively attributed to contamination. The initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios indicate that neither ancient sialic crust nor sediments carried down a Benioff zone can be the primary source of the granodioritic magma. K/Rb ratios for these rocks range from 178 to 247, which are much lower than the average values (≥1000) for tholeiitic basalts. It is concluded that the magmas originated primarily by melting of downthrust oceanic crust or adjacent mantle material.  相似文献   

The air density correction to eddy flux measurements     

Jones  E. P.  Smith  S. D. 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1978,15(3):357-360

Under the usual assumptions for the atmospheric surface layer, we show that air density fluctuations, particularly those due to temperature fluctuations associated with a heat flux, result in a small mean vertical wind velocity. Because of this, there can be a significant correction to eddy flux measurements of passive scalars, for example CO₂, whose average concentration is very large compared to concentration fluctuations associated with the eddy flux.  相似文献   

TheUrquiola oil spill,La Coruña,Spain: Impact and reaction on beaches and rocky coasts     

Erich R. Gundlach  Christopher H. Ruby  Miles O. Hayes  Anne E. Blount 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(3):131-143

The supertankerUrquiola grounded, exploded, and burned at the entrance to La Coruña harbor (Spain) on May 12, 1976. A total of 100,000 tons of Persian Gulf crude oil was lost, of which about 30,000 tons washed onto shoreline environments. From May 17 to June 10, 1976, the impact and interaction of oil on fine-sand, coarse-sand, and gravel beaches and on sheltered and exposed rocky coasts was monitored in detail. At 32 localities, the beach was profiled, trenched, extensively sampled, and photographed. Another 67 stations were examined for surficial oil coverage and distribution. The surficial distribution of oil on the beaches was influenced primarily by wave activity, tidal stage, and oil quantity. Heaviest accumulations formed along the high-tide swash line. Within beach sediments, oil was present at distinct oiled sediment layers, which were often deeply buried. The depth of burial was related to wave energy and sediment type. Deepest burial (1 m) was on a high-energy, coarse-sand beach (M_z=0.82φ). Burial on fine-sand beaches was less than 30 cm. The thickness of oiled sediment depended on sedimentary characteristics, the quantity of oil present, wave action, and capillary forces. Oil-soaked sediment, as much as 65-cm thick, occurred on coarse-grained beaches. On fine-sand beaches, oiled sediment was limited to thicknesses of 10 cm or less. On rocky shores, oil distribution was determined primarily by wave energy. Along high-energy, cliffed, or steeply dipping rocky areas, wave reflection kept the oil approximately 5 m offshore and contamination was minimal. In low-energy, sheltered areas, oil readily accumulated, causing apparent environmental damage.  相似文献   

Competition for the general cargo transports of Sweden's foreign trade     

Christopher von Schirach-Szmigiel 《GeoJournal》1978,2(2):133-146

The object of the paper is to analyze changes in modal and port allocation of general cargo flows in Sweden's foreign trade between 1960 and 1976. It summarizes some results of a forthcoming report on the project ‘Tendencies in Liner Shipping’ financed by the ‘Transport Research Delegation’, Stockholm.  相似文献   

Aquifer Storage of Heated Water: Part I — A Field Experiment     

Fred J. Molz  James C. Warman  Thomas E. Jones 《Ground water》1978,16(4):234-241

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Climatic change and geomagnetic field reversals: A statistical correlation     

Christopher S.M. Doake 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1978,38(2):313-318

Dates of climatic episodes recorded in deep-sea cores are compared with the dates of palaeomagnetic polarity transitions during the Upper Pliocene period. The chance that the number of observed coincident dates will be a random occurrence can be as low as 3 × 10^?4, and if a suitable simple probability model holds there is apparently a probability of about 0.4 that a climatic event will cause a magnetic field reversal.  相似文献   

Numerical and analogue model results for electromagnetic induction for an island situated near a coastline     

V. Ramaswamy  W. Nienaber  H.W. Dosso  F.W. Jones  L.K. Law 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1975,11(2):81-90

The behaviour of time-varying electromagnetic fields near an island situated in a shallow ocean is investigated using both a three-dimensional finite-difference numerical method and a scaled analogue model method. The effect of a coastline located at some distance from the island is included in the study. The numerical model results and the scale model results are compared for various traverses across the island. The results indicate a high degree of compatibility between the two methods for studying problems involving three-dimensional conductivity structures.  相似文献   

Strontium isotope composition of ophiolitic and related rocks,Drocea Mountains,Rumania     

N. Herz  L. M. Jones  H. Savu  R. L. Walker 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1974,38(3):1110-1124

Strontium isotopic analyses are reported for ophiolitic and associated rocks of Mesozoic and Tertiary age from the Drocea Mountains. The samples and their average Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ and Rb/Sr ratios, in order, include: (a) ultramafics (partly serpentinized or uralitized peridotite, peridotite-melagabbro). 0.7043, 0.106; (b) gabbros, dolerites and anemasites (including magnetite-bearing, quartz dolerite, hornblende and normal gabbros), 0.7032, 0.021; (c) basalts (amygdaloidal, hyalopyroclasite), 0.7030, 0.040; and (d) granophyric and albitic vein rocks, 0.7046, 0.058. Also analyzed were (e) basalt-spilites of a younger intrusive cycle 0.7042, 0.046 (f) banatites, 0.7064, 0.542. Two Quaternary volcanics were analyzed from outside the Drocea Mountains: (g) augite-hypersthene andesite from Mt. Gut?i, 0.7083, 0.247, and olivine basalt from Raco?, 0.7043, 0.056. The data for the ophiolite suite show highest Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ and Rb/Sr ratios in the ultramafics which suggests a two-stage origin with the ultramafics derived from a more primitive mantle than the later gabbros and basalts. Initial Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios range from 0.7021 to 0.7045 in gabbro and basalt and 0.7035 to 0.7056 in peridotite which is well within the limits found in oceanic tholeiites and suggests an origin for the complex as a spreading oceanic ridge. Cross-cutting felsic granophyric and albititic rocks as well as the late-stage basalts (a) have relatively low Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ and Rb/Sr ratios, (b) represent a small volume, and (c) are intimately related to the ophiolites. They appear to have developed largely by late-stage differentiation and fractional crystallization of a tholeiitic magma. The higher ratios for the banatites and andesite from Mt. Gut?i suggest that significant amounts of sialic crustal material were involved in their formation. The basalt from Raco? is from the vicinity of a deep fracture zone; its relatively low Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratio suggests a direct link to a mantle source with little or no crustal contamination.  相似文献   

On the initial streakness of a dispersing tracer in two- and three-dimensional turbulence     

Christopher Garrett 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1983,7(4):265-277

If a spot of tracer is released into a turbulent flow, the peak concentration at some subsequent time will initially be much greater than that implied by a solution for the ensemble average concentration at fixed points. For two-dimensional turbulence three areas may be defined: (1) an area A_d related to the ensemble average concentration field; (2) an area A_p defined in terms of the relative dispersion of particles seeded into the patch after a short initial diffusion time; and (3) the area A_t occupied by tracer. It is argued that A_d grows linearly with time, whereas A_p and A_t grow exponentially; A_p faster than A_t. Thus, the concentration field is significantly streaky, even within the particle domain, until A_t becomes comparable with A_d. The time taken for this to occur is estimated; after this time, fluctuations about the ensemble average concentration field should not be greater than those given by a simple mixing length argument. In three-dimensional turbulence the volume V_t of the tracer domain grows much more rapidly than the volume V_p of the particle domain if the merging of streaks is ignored. However, V_t cannot be greater than V_p so streaks must merge and V_p can be used to provide a rough estimate of peak concentration, or concentration variance.  相似文献