A gradual transition to plate tectonics on Earth between 3.2 to 2.7 billion years ago     

Michael I. H. Hartnady  Christopher L. Kirkland 《地学学报》2019,31(2):129-134

Zircon crystals precipitated from granitoid magmas contain a robust record of the age and chemistry of continental magmatism spanning some 4.375 Ga of Earth history, a record that charts initiation of plate tectonics. However, constraining when exactly plate tectonics began to dominate crustal growth processes is challenging as the geochemical signatures of individual rocks may reflect local subduction processes rather than global plate tectonics. Here we apply counting statistics to a global database of coupled U–Pb and Hf isotope analyses on magmatic zircon grains from continental igneous and sedimentary rocks to quantify changes in the compositions of their source rocks. The analysis reveals a globally significant change in the sources of granitoid magmas between 3.2 and 2.7 Ga. These secular changes in zircon chemistry are driven by a coupling of the deep (depleted mantle) and shallow (crustal) Earth reservoirs, consistent with a geodynamic regime dominated by Wilson cycle style plate tectonics.  相似文献   

Evidence of ameliorated Middle Weichselian climate and sub‐arctic environment in the western Baltic region: coring lake sediments at Klintholm,Møn,Denmark          下载免费PDF全文

Michael Houmark‐Nielsen  Ole Bennike  Geoffrey Lemdahl  Christopher Lüthgens 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2016,45(2):347-359

Coring through glaciotectonically stacked Quaternary sediments situated below sea level on the island of Møn, Denmark, recovered a succession of interstadial sediments of Middle Weichselian age. Plant and animal remains including insects found in laminated sand and mud indicate deposition in a lake surrounded by dwarf shrubs, herbs, mosses and rare trees. The insect fauna indicates a mean July temperature of 8–12 °C, suggesting an arctic to sub‐arctic environment, while winter temperatures around ?8 to ?22 °C suggest periglacial conditions with permafrost. Luminescence dating of sediment samples gave ages from 48–29 ka, and radiocarbon dating indicates deposition of plant fragments between 45 and 36 ka BP. The fossil assemblage from Møn shows close resemblance to those from other sites with similar ages found in the vicinity of the western Baltic Basin.  相似文献   

Short‐ and long‐term evapotranspiration rates at ecological restoration sites along a large river receiving rare flow events          下载免费PDF全文

Margaret Shanafield  Hugo Gutiérrez‐Jurado  Jesús Eliana Rodríguez‐Burgueño  Jorge Ramírez‐Hernández  Christopher J. Jarchow  Pamela L. Nagler 《水文研究》2017,31(24):4328-4337

Many large rivers around the world no longer flow to their deltas, due to ever greater water withdrawals and diversions for human needs. However, the importance of riparian ecosystems is drawing increasing recognition, leading to the allocation of environmental flows to restore river processes. Accurate estimates of riparian plant evapotranspiration (ET) are needed to understand how the riverine system responds to these rare events and achieve the goals of environmental flows. In 2014, historic environmental flows were released into the Lower Colorado River at Morelos Dam (Mexico); this once perennial but now dry reach is the final stretch to the mighty Colorado River Delta. One of the primary goals was to supply native vegetation restoration sites along the reach with water to help seedlings establish and boost groundwater levels to foster the planted saplings. Patterns in ET before, during, and after the flows are useful for evaluating whether this goal was met and understanding the role that ET plays in this now ephemeral river system. Here, diurnal fluctuations in groundwater levels and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were used to compare estimates of ET specifically at 3 native vegetation restoration sites during 2014 planned flow events, and MODIS data were used to evaluate long‐term (2002–2016) ET responses to restoration efforts at these sites. Overall, ET was generally 0–10 mm d^?1 across sites, and although daily ET values from groundwater data were highly variable, weekly averaged estimates were highly correlated with MODIS‐derived estimates at most sites. The influence of the 2014 flow events was not immediately apparent in the results, although the process of clearing vegetation and planting native vegetation at the restoration sites was clearly visible in the results.  相似文献   

Efficient DEM‐based overland flow routing using integrated recursive algorithms          下载免费PDF全文

Pin‐Chun Huang  Kwan Tun Lee 《水文研究》2017,31(5):1007-1017

Two primary concerns in performing watershed overland flow routing are the numerical instability and computational efficiency. The stability of executing an explicit scheme has to be maintained by observing the Courant–Friedrich–Lewy criterion, which is adopted to confirm that the numerical marching speed is larger than the wave celerity. Moreover, there is another criterion of time step devised in previous studies to avoid back‐and‐forth refluxing between adjacent grids. The situation of refluxing usually occurs on flat regions. In light of this, the selection of a small time increment to honor both restrictions simultaneously is believed to decrease the computational efficiency in performing overland flow routing. This study aims at creating a robust algorithm to relax both restrictions. The proposed algorithm was first implemented on a one‐dimensional overland plane to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical result by comparing it with an analytical solution. Then, the algorithm was further applied to a watershed for 2D runoff simulations. The results show that the proposed integrated algorithm can provide an accurate runoff simulation and achieve satisfactory performance in terms of computational speed.  相似文献   

基于决策树分类的大屯矿区地物信息提取及矿区污染分析     

于海若  燕琴  董春  战丽丽 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(4):67-69,72

本文在对国内外遥感图像分类方法充分研究分析的基础上,选择决策树分类法对大屯矿区的Landsat 8遥感图像进行分类研究。选取样本提取并分析研究区典型地类光谱特征曲线,依据光谱曲线特征和归一化植被指数建立了土地利用分类决策树模型,通过反复试验和修正,筛选出适宜大屯矿区地物分类的决策树最优阈值,对研究区进行分类和精度评价,最后通过分类结果对研究区的水体污染状况进行简要分析。  相似文献   

Building a sustained climate assessment process     

James L. Buizer  Kirstin Dow  Mary E. Black  Katharine L. Jacobs  Anne Waple  Richard H. Moss  Susanne Moser  Amy Luers  David I. Gustafson  T.C. Richmond  Sharon L. Hays  Christopher B. Field 《Climatic change》2016,136(1):23-37

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Subalpine fires: the roles of vegetation,climate and,ultimately, land uses     

Bérangère Leys  Christopher Carcaillet 《Climatic change》2016,135(3-4):683-697

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Modeling Roughness of Rock Discontinuity Surfaces: A Signal Analysis Approach     

Christopher Pickering  Adnan Aydin 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2016,49(7):2959-2965

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Teleconnection responses in multi-GCM driven CORDEX RCMs over Eastern Africa     

Hussen Seid Endris  Christopher Lennard  Bruce Hewitson  Alessandro Dosio  Grigory Nikulin  Hans-Jürgen Panitz 《Climate Dynamics》2016,46(9-10):2821-2846

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气象预警信息一键式发布系统研究与应用     

张亚  江春  陈浩  袁兴德  罗希昌 《气象科技》2016,44(1):41-46

基于WebGIS、HTTP通信、数据库等技术,制定了一键式预警信息发布规范,有效整合了电子显示屏、预警大喇叭、手机等预警发布终端,开发了气象预警信息一键式发布平台,实现了地图综合显示、气象数据叠加、任意预警区域选取、一键式发布预警信息等功能,提高了预警信息发布的可视化水平,保证了多终端预警信息发布的高效性、一致性。该系统的一键式信息发布技术,为气象预警发布开拓了新思路,能够有效提升业务水平和预警发布能力。  相似文献