Oceanic island Pb: Two-stage histories and mantle evolution     

Clement G. Chase 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981,52(2):277-284

Leads in basaltic suites from seven oceanic islands form linear arrays on²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagrams. These arrays are more reasonably interpreted as secondary isochrons than as mixing lines, because of their systematic relationship. Separate two-stage histories calculated for the leads from each island indicate that the source materials for the magmas were derived from a single primary reservoir with present²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb of 7.91 ± 0.04 by secondary enrichment in U/Pb at different times from 2.5 to 1 Ga ago. This is confirmed by a plot of isochron slope versus intercept, on which the points describing each island's Pb-Pb array all lie very near a single straight line. The isochrons for the Canary Islands and Hawaii, at least, are significantly different. The²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb relationships are less coherent. The lead isotopic characteristics are consistent with a model in which lead in the oceanic island magmas is derived from ancient subducted oceanic crust. In particular, this explains the close relationship between lead in mid-ocean ridge and oceanic island basalts without invoking mixing.  相似文献   

Untersuchungen zur kreislaufmahlung in einer aufbereitung für komplexe sulfidische erze     

G.B. Schneider  M. Clement 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1976,3(1):83-96

Circuit grinding was investigated in the Rammelsberg ore dressing plant. From short-interval sampling it was possible to make a statement about the non-stationary and stationary state of grinding. The objective of these investigations was to establish the distribution curves of the quantitative flow, of the grain sizes and of the mineralogical components in the individual streams of the circuit grinding.  相似文献   

Two-Well Test Method for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers     

T. P. Clement  M. J. Truex  B. S. Hooker 《Ground water》1997,35(4):698-703

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Inner core anisotropy, anomalies in the time-averaged paleomagnetic field, and polarity transition paths     

Bradford M. Clement  Lars Stixrude   《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1995,130(1-4):75-85

The diffusion of the dynamo-generated magnetic field into the electrically conducting inner core of the Earth may provide an explanation for several problematic aspects of long-term geomagnetic field behavior. We present a simple model which illustrates how an induced magnetization in the inner core which changes on diffusive timescales can provide a biasing field which could produce the observed anomalies in the time-averaged field and polarity reversals. The Earth's inner core exhibits an anisotropy in seismic velocities which can be explained by a preferred orientation of a polycrystalline aggregate of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron, an elastically anisotropic phase. Room temperature analogs of hcp iron also exhibit a strong anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, ranging from 15 to 40% anisotropy. At inner core conditions the magnetic susceptibility of hcp iron is estimated to be between 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻³ SI. We speculate here that the anisotropy in magnetic susceptibility in the inner core could produce the observed anomalies in the time-averaged paleomagnetic field, polarity asymmetry, and recurring transitional virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) positions.  相似文献   

Eddy fluxes of CO2, water vapor,and sensible heat over a deciduous forest   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

Shashi B. Verma  Dennis D. Baldocchi  Dean E. Anderson  Detlef R. Matt  Robert J. Clement 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1986,36(1-2):71-91

Fluxes of CO₂, latent heat and sensible heat were measured above a fully-leafed deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee with the eddy correlation technique. These are among the first reported observations over such a surface. The influences of solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit and the aerodynamic and canopy resistances on these mass and energy exchanges are examined. Following a concept introduced by McNaughton and Jarvis (1983), examination of our data suggest that the water vapor exchange of a deciduous forest is not as strongly coupled with net radiation as is that of agricultural crops. The degree of decoupling is smaller than in the case of a coniferous forest. This difference may be attributable in part to the greater aerodynamic resistance to water vapor transfer in a deciduous forest. It appears that the concept of decoupling may be extended to the CO₂ exchange of a deciduous forest as well.Published as Paper No. 7832, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division. ATDD Contribution No. 85-17.  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of wave propagation in 2-D fractured media: scattering attenuation at different stages of the growth of a fracture population     

Serafeim Vlastos  Enru Liu †  Ian G. Main  Clement Narteau 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(2):865-880

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TEQC multipath metrics in MATLAB     

Clement Ogaja  Jim Hedfors 《GPS Solutions》2007,11(3):215-222

Knowledge of the local direction of multipath at a particular site is important for a number of reasons. For example, such information can be used to study site selections or during monument design for GPS installations. We present a MATLAB program for creating colorized polar maps of high-frequency multipath using TEQC report files of single-epoch data. The maps, although not necessarily indicating the actual local direction of multipath on the ground, give the orientation with respect to the geometry of the satellites in the sky. This information can aid the interpretation of ground multipath geometry at the site. We give an example of short-span data with ∼0.05 Hz multipath (i.e. repeat period ≈ 20 s) although the program can be modified for long-term measurements as well.  相似文献   

Predicting the distribution of C3 (Festuca spp.) grass species using topographic variables and binary logistic regression model     

Charles Otunga  John Odindi  Onisimo Mutanga  Clement Adjorlolo  Jacobus Botha 《国际地球制图》2018,33(5):489-504

The spatial distribution of different C3 and C4 grass species in tropical montane areas is commonly influenced by a number of factors that include site-specific topography. Hence, the distribution of these grasses across topographic gradients can vary significantly. In this study, we investigate the influence of topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) on the spatial distribution of Festuca grass species in a commonage area, comprising agro-biodiversity conservation land use. Integration of the topographic variables using GIS and binary logistic regression (LR) modelling showed that C3, Festuca grass species distribution can be predicted or mapped with an accuracy of 80% in the landscape under study. The study contributes to understanding the spatial distribution of C3 grass species and provides valuable information for designing and optimizing rangeland conservation in the subtropical montane landscapes.  相似文献   

Climate and irrigation scenario analyses using three-dimensional numerical modelling: a case study of the Nasia sub-basin in the White Volta Basin,Ghana     

Addai Obeng  Millicent  Fynn  Obed Fiifi  Loh  Yvonne Sena Akosua  Chegbeleh  Larry-Pax  Alo  Clement  Yidana  Sandow Mark 《Hydrogeology Journal》2023,31(4):1101-1119

A groundwater resource characterisation and assessment model was developed for Nasia river sub-basin in the White Volta Basin, Ghana. The model is useful to policymakers for planning and sustainable management of groundwater resources in the basin for domestic and irrigation purposes. A conceptual model was constructed that characterized boundary conditions and hydrostratigraphy, and estimated recharge rates and hydraulic and storage parameters. From current understanding of the hydrogeological dynamics, three hydrostratigraphic layers were delineated. The conceptual model was converted to a three-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow model using MODFLOW. Recharge rates estimated from the base model indicate a minimum of 1.1% and maximum of 6.2% of the total rainfall. The hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.20 and 15 m/day. Four possible scenarios were simulated: (1) increased population, (2) climate variations (reduced recharge), (3) increased abstraction for irrigation, and (4) worst-case scenario which is a combination of the first three scenarios. Results from scenarios 1 and 2 indicated that, under such conditions, the groundwater resources could be sustained and no significant effect on any of the water budget indicators was observed. For scenario 3, there was significant drop in hydraulic head in the central portions of the study area. The scenario 4 simulation indicated that there was significant reduction in groundwater levels and groundwater discharge into streams under these stressors. Such reduction can affect stream levels in the basin and, subsequently, the ecosystem. These findings are valid within the limits of uncertainty in the hydrogeological data that were used in this study.

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Analytical solutions for sequentially coupled one-dimensional reactive transport problems – Part II: Special cases,implementation and testing     

V. Srinivasan  T.P. Clement 《Advances in water resources》2008

This is Part-II of a two-part article that presents analytical solutions to multi-species reactive transport equations coupled through sorption and sequential first-order reactions. In Part-I, we provide the mathematical derivations and in this article we discuss the computational techniques for implementing these solutions. We adopt these techniques to develop a general computer code and use it to verify the solutions. We also simplify the general solutions for various special-case transport scenarios involving zero initial condition, identical retardation factors and zero advection. In addition to this, we derive specialized solution expressions for zero dispersion and steady-state conditions. Whereever possible, we compare these special-case solutions against previously published analytical solutions to establish the validity of the new solution. Finally, we test the new solution against other published analytical and semi-analytical solutions using a set of example problems.  相似文献