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The Tibesti massif, one of the most prominent features of the Sahara desert, covers an area of some 100,000 km2. Though largely absent from scientific inquiry for several decades, it is one of the world’s major volcanic provinces, and
a key example of continental hot spot volcanism. The intense activity of the TVP began as early as the Oligocene, though the
major products that mark its surface date from Lower Miocene to Quaternary (Furon (Geology of Africa. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh
(trans 1963, orig French 1960), pp 1–377, 1963)); Gourgaud and Vincent (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 129:261–290, 2004). We present here a new and consistent analysis of each of the main components of the Tibesti Volcanic Province (TVP), based
on examination of multispectral imagery and digital elevation data acquired from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission
and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Our synthesis of these individual surveys shows that the TVP is made up of several shield
volcanoes (up to 80 km diameter) with large-scale calderas, extensive lava plateaux and flow fields, widespread tephra deposits,
and a highly varied structural relief. We compare morphometric characteristics of the major TVP structures with other hot
spot volcanoes (the Hawaiian Islands, the Galápagos Islands, the Canary and Cape Verdes archipelagos, Jebel Marra (western
Sudan), and Martian volcanoes), and consider the implications of differing tectonic setting (continental versus oceanic),
the thickness and velocity of the lithosphere, the relative sizes of main volcanic features (e.g. summit calderas, steep slopes
at summit regions), and the extent and diversity of volcanic features. These comparisons reveal morphologic similarities between
volcanism in the Tibesti, the Galápagos, and Western Sudan but also some distinct features of the TVP. Additionally, we find
that a relatively haphazard spatial development of the TVP has occurred, with volcanism initially appearing in the Central
TVP and subsequently migrating to both the Eastern and Western TVP regions.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
13.
G. Toyos D. Oramas Dorta C. Oppenheimer M. T. Pareschi R. Sulpizio G. Zanchetta 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(10):1491-1502
Based on the debris flow events that occurred in May 1998 in the area of Sarno, Southern Italy, this paper presents an approach to simulate debris flow maximum run‐out. On the basis of the flow source areas and an average thickness of 1·2 m of the scarps, we estimated debris flow volumes of the order of 104 and 105 m3. Flow mobility ratios (ΔH/L) derived from the x, y, z coordinates of the lower‐most limit of the source areas (i.e. apex of the alluvial fan) and the distal limit of the flows ranged between 0·27 and 0·09. We performed regression analyses that showed a good correlation between the estimated flow volumes and mobility ratios. This paper presents a methodology for predicting maximum run‐out of future debris flow events, based on the developed empirical relationship. We implemented the equation that resulted from the calibration as a set of GIS macros written in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and running within ArcGIS. We carried out sensitivity analyses and observed that hazard mapping with this methodology should attempt to delineate hazard zones with a minimum horizontal resolution of 0·4 km. The developed procedure enables the rapid delineation of debris flow maximum extent within reasonable levels of uncertainty, it incorporates sensitivities and it facilitates hazard assessments via graphic user interfaces and with modest computing resources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Geopositioning Accuracy of Ikonos Imagery: Indications from Two Dimensional Transformations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Earth observation satellites with 1m resolution, such as Space Imaging's Ikonos system, offer the photogrammetric and remote sensing communities a significant new means for geospatial information collection. These satellites possess the potential for pixel-level geopositioning precision and promise timely, highly automated generation of two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) spatial information products. This paper concentrates on the pursuit of optimal accuracy and considers an essential first step in the evaluation of the Ikonos imaging system, namely the metric integrity of the sensor system. In the absence of sensor calibration information (the camera model), an empirical evaluation approach has been adopted. This involves an assessment of 2D transformations between image and planar object space. It is shown that based on results obtained in the Melbourne Ikonos Testfield, 2D geopositioning to 0.5 m accuracy is possible from the base-level "Geo"product when a modest amount of good quality ground control is available and sub-pixel image mensuration is achieved. These findings are applicable to both near-nadir imagery and oblique stereo images. Moreover, the results obtained suggest that there are no significant geometric perturbations in the sensor system and initial image processing, which augurs well for the successful application of non-collinearity based 3D orientation and triangulation models for Ikonos imagery. 相似文献
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HCl:SO2 mass ratios measured by open path Fourier transform spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) in the volcanic plume at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, are presented for the second phase of dome building between November 1999 and November 2000. HCl:SO2 mass ratios of greater than 1 and HCl emission rates of greater than 400 t day–1 characterise periods of dome building for this volcano. The data suggest that chlorine partitions into a fluid phase as the magma decompresses and exsolves water during ascent. This is substantiated by a correlation between chlorine and water content in the melt (derived from the geochemical analysis of plagioclase melt inclusion and matrix glasses from phase I and II of dome growth). The matrix glass from the November 1999 and March 2000 domes indicate an open system degassing regime with a fluid-melt partition coefficient for chlorine of the order of 250–300. September 1997 glasses have higher chlorine contents and may indicate a switch to closed system degassing prior to explosive activity in September and October 1997. The OP-FTIR HCl time series suggests that HCl emission rate is strongly related to changes in eruption rate and we infer an emission rate of over 13.5 kt day–1 HCl during a period of high extrusion rate in September 2000. A calculation of the HCl emission rate expected for varying extrusion rates from the open-system degassing model suggests a HCl emission rate of the order of 1–4 kt day–1 is indicative of an extrusion rate of between 2 and 8 m3 s–1. Monitoring of HCl at Soufrière Hills Volcano provide a proxy for extrusion rate, with changes in ratio between HCl and SO2 occurring rapidly in the plume. Order of magnitude changes occur in HCl emission rates over the time-scale of hours to days, making these changes easy to detect during the day-to-day monitoring of the volcano. Mean water emission rates are calculated to range from 9–24 kt day–1 during dome building activity, calculated from the predicted mass ratio of H2O:HCl in the fluid at the surface and FTIR-derived HCl emission rates. 相似文献
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Neal Jackson Clive Tadhunter & William B. Sparks 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,301(1):131-141
We present new Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) continuum and spectral line images of the radio galaxy Cygnus A. The images show much complex structure in the central kpc2 . Continuum images show the central dust lane in detail, allowing detailed maps of E ( B − V ) to be constructed; the dust appears to follow a roughly Galactic extinction law. The emission-line components are resolved in the line images and investigated in detail. A clear 'opening cone' morphology is found, especially in the lines of Hα and [O i ]. Blue condensations are seen in the south-eastern emission component and surrounding the central region. These are almost certainly due to star formation, which began <1 Gyr ago as deduced from the colour of the regions. More extended blue continuum is also seen and corresponds to the blue polarized component detected by other recent spectropolarimetric observations. 相似文献