Ammonite evidence for dating some Inferior Oolite sections in the north Cotswolds     

Colin F. Parsons 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1976,87(1):45-63

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Metabasite amphiboles of the Scottish Dalradian     

Colin M. Graham 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1974,47(3):165-185

Blue-green hornblendes are observed in metabasite assemblages throughout the chlorite, biotite and garnet zones of the southwest Scottish Highlands. Actinolites are common in more Mg-rich metabasites in these zones. At low grade, hornblendes are relatively edenite-rich, and may sometimes occur together with a more Mg-rich, Al-poor actinolite. Within the garnet zone, hornblendes are pargasitic, showing extensive tschermakite substitution. Textural and chemical evidence do not indicate the presence of any miscibility gap between hornblende and actinolite within the chlorite to garnet zones in the southwest Highlands. The occurrence of hornblende-actinolite pairs in metabasites of the Scottish Dalradian, and perhaps also in other metamorphic terrains, is considered to reflect the incomplete chemical equilibration of lower grade actinolitic amphibole during prograde metamorphism, rather than a miscibility gap. The paucity of amphibole compositions intermediate between hornblende and actinolite in many metamorphic terrains is thought to reflect the rapid but continuous change of stable amphibole compositions in metabasites over a small range of increased metamorphic grade.  相似文献   

Imaging of subvolcanic Mesozoics in the Saurashtra peninsula of India using traveltime inversion of wide-angle seismic data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kalachand Sain  Colin A. Zelt  P. R. Reddy 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,150(3):820-826

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Geomorphic analysis of large alluvial rivers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Colin R. Thorne 《Geomorphology》2002,44(3-4)

Geomorphic analysis of a large river presents particular challenges and requires a systematic and organised approach because of the spatial scale and system complexity involved. This paper presents a framework and blueprint for geomorphic studies of large rivers developed in the course of basic, strategic and project-related investigations of a number of large rivers. The framework demonstrates the need to begin geomorphic studies early in the pre-feasibility stage of a river project and carry them through to implementation and post-project appraisal. The blueprint breaks down the multi-layered and multi-scaled complexity of a comprehensive geomorphic study into a number of well-defined and semi-independent topics, each of which can be performed separately to produce a clearly defined, deliverable product. Geomorphology increasingly plays a central role in multi-disciplinary river research and the importance of effective quality assurance makes it essential that audit trails and quality checks are hard-wired into study design. The structured approach presented here provides output products and production trails that can be rigorously audited, ensuring that the results of a geomorphic study can stand up to the closest scrutiny.  相似文献   

Editorial—geomorphology at work     

Colin R. Thorne 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1995,20(7):583-584

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Surface Charge Concentrations on Silica in Different 1.0 M Metal-Chloride Background Electrolytes and Implications for Dissolution Rates     

Magnus Karlsson  Colin Craven  Patricia M. Dove  William H. Casey 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2001,7(1):13-32

The empirical rate laws formulated to describe the dissolution rates of oxide minerals include the surface charge concentration that results from the protonation and deprotonation of surface functional groups. Previous experiments on quartz and silica have shown that dissolution rates vary as a function of different background electrolyte solutions, however, such experiments are often conducted at elevated temperatures where it is difficult to estimate surface charge along with the dissolution rates. In the present study we measuresurface charge concentrations for silica in different electrolyte solutions at 298 K in order to quantify the extent to which the different counterions could affect the dissolution rates through their influence on the surface charge concentrations. The experimental solutions in the electrolyte series: LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CaCl₂, SrCl₂ and BaCl₂ were prepared to maintain a constant metal concentration of 1.0 M. For the alkali-metal chlorides, the surface charge concentrations correlate with the size of the hydrated alkali metal, consistent with the idea that these counterions affect charge via outer-sphere coordination that shield proton surface complexes from one another. The reactivity trend for alkaline-earth cations is less clear, but the data demonstrate distinct differences in the acid-base propertiesof the silica surface in these different electrolytes. We then discuss how these trends are manifested in the rate equations used to interpret dissolution experiments.  相似文献   

The Petrography and composition of phlogopite micas from the Blue Ball Kimberlite,Arkansas: A record of chemical evolution during crystallization     

Dr. Clive R. Neal  L. A. Taylor 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1989,40(3):207-224

Summary The Blue Ball kimberlite, Scott County, Arkansas, contains between 23 and 36 modal % phlogopite. Phlogopite is present as phenocrysts, a groundmass phase, and as coronas around serpentinized olivine phenocrysts. Intermediate and reverse pleochroism, seen in phenocryst cores and the majority of groundmass phlogopites, can be correlated with the mineral chemistry. Reverse pleochroism, exhibited by phenocryst rims, rare groundmass grains, and phlogopites forming coronas around olivine, is generally accompanied by an increase in total Fe (as FeO) and a decrease in Al₂ O₃. Analyses of those phlogopites whoch exhibit reverse pleochroism have high cation totals, indicative of the presence of Fe³⁺. We suggest that these pleochroic schemes are a function of Fe³⁺ in the tetrahedral site, which is expressed in terms of T = [8 - (Si + Al)]. All Blue Ball phlogopites have positive values for T, but reverse pleochroism is found only when T > 0.6, indicative of increased Fe³⁺ in the residual magma. It is concluded that phlogopite was on the liquidus throughout practically all of the kimberlite crystallization, because of the wide range in phlogopite compositions and the general decrease in Ba from micas exhibiting intermediate to reverse pleochroism. Variations of MG #, Ti, Ba, Si, and Al within the phlogopites have been used to trace the crystallization of other phases present in the kimberlite, namely olivine and spinel (chromite and titanomagnetite). Olivine was an early crystallizing phase, causing a decrease in MG # and Si, and an increase in Ti and Al in the phlogopites, a reflection of residual magma composition. Minor chromite also crystallized at this time, but was not of sufficient quantity to override the effect of olivine fractionation on the residual magma. Widespread Titano-magnetite crystallization occurred as olivine fractionation ceased, causing an increase in MG # and Si, and a decrease in Ti and Al. By examining these chemical variations with T, the evolution of the Blue Ball kimberlite has been determined.

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Petrographie und zusammensetzung phlogopitischer Glimmer aus dem Blue Ball Kimberlit, Arkansas: chemische evolution während der kristallisation

Zusammenfassung Der Blue Ball Kimberlit, Scott County, Arkansas, enthält zwischen 23 und 36% Phlogopit (modal). Dieser kommt in idiomorphen Kristallen, als Grundmasse, und als Coronas um serpentinisierte Olivinkristalle vor. Verschiedene Arten von Pleochroismus, die man in den Kernen von Kristallen und in der Mehrzahl der Phlogopite in der Grundmasse erkennen kann, lassen sich mit der Mineralehemie korrelieren. Reverser Pleochroismus ist an den Rändern von Kristallen, selten in Grundkörnern der Grundmasse, und in Phlogopiten die Coronas in Olivin bilden, zu beobachten. Diese Erscheinung wird im allgemeinen von einer Zunahme des Gesamt-Eisens (als FeO) und einer Abnahme der Al₂ O₃-Gehalte begleitet. Analysen jener Phlogopite, die reversen Pleochroismus zeigen, haben hohe Gesamtwerte an Kationen und dies weist auf die Anwesenheit von Fe³⁺ hin. Wir interpretieren diesen Pleochroismus als eine Funktion des Fe³⁺ in der Tetraeder-Position, die sich als T = 8 - (Si + Al) ausdrücken läßt. Alle Phlogopite von Blue Ball haben positive Werte für T, aber reverser Pleochroismus tritt nur dort auf, wo T > 0.6, was widerum auf eine Zunahme von Fe³⁺ im residualen Magma hinweist. Phlogopit war praktisch während der gesamten Kristallisation des Kimberlits am Liquidus, und diese Annahme wird auch durch das weite Feld der PhlogopitZusammensetzungen und durch die allgemeine Abahme der Ba-Gehalte in Glimmern mit intermediärem bis reversem Pleochroismus unterstützt. Variationen von MG #, Ti, Ba, Si und Al in den Phlogopiten wurden benutzt, um die Kristallisation von Olivin und Spinellen (Chromit und Titanomagnetit) zu verfolgen. Olivin hat früh kristallisiert und führte zu einer Abnahme von MG# und Si und einer Zunahme von Ti und Al in den Phlogopiten. Auch kleinere Mengen von Chromit kristallisierten zu dieser Zeit, dies war jedoch nicht ausreichend, um den Effekt der Olivin-Fraktionierung auf die Restschmelze aufzuheben. Titanomagnetit-Kristallisation setzte mit aufhörender Olivinfraktionierung ein und führte zu einer Zunahme von Mg und Si und einer Abnahme von Ti und Al. Eine Überprüfung der chemischen Variationen und Vergleich mit T Werten tragen wesentlich zur Kenntnis der Evolution des Blue Ball Kimberlites bei.

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With 8 Figures  相似文献   

Hydrogeologic assessment—Figeh Spring,Damascus, Syria   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

P. E. Lamoreaux  Travis H. Hughes  Bashir A. Memon  Neal Lineback 《Environmental Geology》1989,13(2):73-127

Hydrogeological studies at Figeh Springs were directed to determine groundwater flow paths, research, storage and discharge units, and the maximum reliable yield. The project was designed to provide information upon which to base pumpage to augment low-season flows from the spring which is the major water supply for the city of Damascus, Syria.As a basis for conclusions and recommendations, work included extensive surface geologic mapping, air photographic interpretation, a detailed well and spring inventory, and a quality of water sampling program. Geologic structural work included mapping and jointing, faulting, and folding, and an analysis of their impact on groundwater movement.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic and natural contributions to the rainfall chemistry of a mountainous area in the Cevennes National Park (Mont-Lozere, southern France)     

Patrick Durand  Colin Neal  Franois Lelong 《Journal of Hydrology》1992,130(1-4):71-85

Nine years of bulk precipitation chemistry data for a mountainous site in southern France are presented. The mean rainwater is of moderate acidity (pH 4.63, alkalinity −4 μEql⁻¹) even though there is high, non-marine, deposition of sulphur (near 20 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Based on the statistical characteristics of the data set, three major sources of elements are identified: long range pollution, Mediterranean sea salt aerosols and aeolian erosion dust, mainly from the Sahara. Most of the sulphur in the rainfall is present as neutral sulphate salts, owing to the latter being rich in alkaline minerals; this counteracts the strong acid input.  相似文献   

Altération latéritique du gîte aurifère d'Ovala (Gabon), et formation d'une anomalie superficielle de dispersion     

A. Edou Minko  F. Colin  J.-J. Trescases  P. Lecomte 《Mineralium Deposita》1992,27(2):90-100

Résumé Les sols de la région d'Ovala (Sud Gabon) présentent une anomalie superficielle en or, à l'aplomb d'une minéralisation de la roche-mère, latéritisée sur 50 m d'épaisseur. De bas en haut, le profil d'altération comprend trois horizons principaux: saprolitique, nodulaire et sablo-argileux. Cette altération est développée in-situ à partir de gneiss archéens et de roches métamorphiques protérozoïques du faciès schiste vert. Dans la roche fraîche, l'or est associé avec du quartz, de la pyrite, de la tourmaline et de la muscovite. Lorsque l'altération progresse, les particules aurifères sont libérées et chimiquement arrondies. Depuis la minéralisation primaire jusqu'à la surface, les mécanismes de dissolution amenuisent de plus les particules d'or, et les appauvrissent en argent. Une dispersion mécanique latérale, vers l'aval des versants, se superpose á l'évolution verticale. Ce mécanisme fournit les particules de plus petite taille, dans l'horizon superficiel. Des mécanismes á la fois chimiques et physiques sont á l'origine de la formation du halo supergène.

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In the southern part of Gabon, at Ovala, a surficial gold anomaly has been found in soils. This anomaly develops directly from an underlying fresh mineralized rock through a 50-m-thick lateritic profile. From the bottom to the top, this profile consists of saprolite, a nodular layer and a sandy-clayey layer. The weathering profile formed in situ from Archean gneisses and Proterozoic greenschist facies. In the fresh rock, gold is associated with quartz, pyrite, tourmaline and muscovite. With increasing weathering, the residual gold particles become free and chemically rounded. From the primary gold mineralization to the surface, dissolution processes make gold more and more fine and Ag-depleted. Lateral downslope mechanical dispersion superimposes on this vertical evolution. This process spreads out the finest gold particles through the sandy-clayey layer. Both chemical and physical processes are responsible for the formation of the supergene dispersion halo.

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