This study assesses the disparity in the level of material wellbeing between the rural and urban areas of various districts of West Bengal. To measure the level of material wellbeing three broad domains comprising of Housing index (HI), Basic Amenities Index (BAI) and Asset Index (AI) following which a composite index (Material Wellbeing Indexi.e. MWI) was computed for the urban and the rural areas for all the districts between the time frame of 2001–2011. A set of 14 sub-indicators were selected for the analysis. This paper takes into account the differentials between the urban and the rural areas of the state. The data was subjected to correlation analysis, ANOVA and PCA, intra-zonal analysis was also performed. The results show the presence of widespread levels of disparity between the various districts as well as within the districts. Over the course of the years this disparity has increased in case of the northern zone however intra and inter zonal disparity runs high. Among the different sub-indicators, BAI has recorded the highest decrease in the differentials whereas the AI has recorded the highest increase in the differentials. Among the districts eight of them have recorded a net increase in the differentials in MWI among which Maldah has recorded the highest decrease in the differentials whereas Dakshin Dinajpur has recorded the highest increase in the differentials.
The impact of SARAL/AltiKa derived sea level anomaly (SLA) has been studied by assimilating it along with Jason-2 and Cryosat-2 SLA in the Princeton Ocean model (POM) using ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) technique. For isolating the extra benefit brought by SARAKL/Altika, a parallel run with assimilation of only Jason-2 and Cryosat-2 SLA has also been conducted. The importance of SARAL SLA in a data assimilative ocean prediction system has been evaluated with special emphasis on the improvement in thermocline depth, depth of the 20° isotherm, subsurface temperature and currents. Comparison with RAMA buoy has shown a positive impact of up to 13% for 20°C isotherm and up to 17% for thermocline depth after assimilating SARAL SLA. An overall improvement in temperature profile is also observed when compared with analogous profiles from RAMA buoys and Argo floats. Improvement in zonal currents away from the equator has also been noticed. 相似文献
Helioseismic techniques such as ring-diagram analysis have often been used to determine the subsurface structural differences
between solar active and quiet regions. Results obtained by inverting the frequency differences between the regions are usually
interpreted as the sound-speed differences between them. These in turn are used as a measure of temperature and magnetic-field
strength differences between the two regions. In this paper we first show that the “sound-speed” difference obtained from
inversions is actually a combination of sound-speed difference and a magnetic component. Hence, the inversion result is not
directly related to the thermal structure. Next, using solar models that include magnetic fields, we develop a formulation
to use the inversion results to infer the differences in the magnetic and thermal structures between active and quiet regions.
We then apply our technique to existing structure inversion results for different pairs of active and quiet regions. We find
that the effect of magnetic fields is strongest in a shallow region above 0.985R⊙ and that the strengths of magnetic-field effects at the surface and in the deeper (r<0.98R⊙) layers are inversely related (i.e., the stronger the surface magnetic field the smaller the magnetic effects in the deeper layers, and vice versa). We also find that the magnetic effects in the deeper layers are the strongest in the quiet regions, consistent with the
fact that these are basically regions with weakest magnetic fields at the surface. Because the quiet regions were selected
to precede or follow their companion active regions, the results could have implications about the evolution of magnetic fields
under active regions. 相似文献
Black shale type uranium deposits, though of low grade (<0.001 to 0.05% U3O8), contain large uranium resources because of their immense volume. The Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Krol-Tal Himalayan sequence
covering a cumulative area of about 1000 sq km in five different synclinal basins from Sirmour district, Himachal Pradesh
in the west to Nainital district, Uttar Pradesh in east contain such black shale horizons. The uranium mineralisation found
in black shale in the Nigalidhar syncline of Himachal Pradesh and its implication of being an indicator for search of such
uranium deposits in Himalayas is discussed. 相似文献
This study aims at finding out possible relation between lithology and spatial pattern of dissolved arsenic (As) in groundwater
around Chakdaha municipality, West Bengal, India. Satellite image, coupled with electrical resistivity survey and borehole
drilling helps to delineate surface and sub-surface lithological framework of the As affected alluvial aquifers. The satellite
imagery demonstrate that the high As area are presumably under active flood plain environment (low-lying areas), that constantly
receive organics due to periodic flooding. Thick low resistive (fine-grained) layer was observed at the top around the high
As areas, which, however, not found in low As areas. The result suggests that hydraulic properties of the surface/sub-surface
soil/sediment have an important control on the fate and transport of As in the aquifer. This study demonstrates that electrical
resistivity tools can be effectively used for the reconnaissance survey in characterizing the plausible lithological framework
of an alluvial aquifer containing As. 相似文献
We employ the first fully three-dimensional simulation to study the role of magnetic fields and ion–neutral friction in regulating gravitationally driven fragmentation of molecular clouds. The cores in an initially subcritical cloud develop gradually over an ambipolar diffusion time while the cores in an initially supercritical cloud develop in a dynamical time. The infalling speeds on to cores are subsonic in the case of an initially subcritical cloud, while an extended (≳0.1 pc) region of supersonic infall exists in the case of an initially supercritical cloud. These results are consistent with previous two-dimensional simulations. We also found that a snapshot of the relation between density (ρ) and the strength of the magnetic field ( B ) at different spatial points of the cloud coincides with the evolutionary track of an individual core. When the density becomes large, both the relations tend to B ∝ρ0.5 . 相似文献
U-Pb isotopic analyses of eight single and multi-grain zircon fractions separated from a syenite of the Diana Complex of the
Adirondack Mountains do not define a single linear array, but a scatter along a chord that intersects the Concordia curve
at 1145 ± 29 and 285 ± 204 Ma. For the most concordant analyses, the207Pb/206Pb ages range between 1115 and 1150 Ma. Detailed petrographic studies revealed that most grains contained at least two phases
of zircon growth, either primary magmatic cores enclosed by variable thickness of metamorphic overgrowths or magmatic portions
enclosing presumably older xenocrystic zircon cores. The magmatic portions are characterized by typical dipyramidal prismatic
zoning and numerous black inclusions that make them quite distinct from adjacent overgrowths or cores when observed in polarizing
light microscopy and in backscattered electron micrographs. Careful handpicking and analysis of the “best” magmatic grains,
devoid of visible overgrowth of core material, produced two nearly concordant points that along with two of the multi-grain
analyses yielded an upper-intercept age of 1118 ± 2.8 Ma and a lowerintercept age of 251 ± 13 Ma. The older age is interpreted
as the crystallization age of the syenite and the younger one is consistent with late stage uplift of the Appalachian region.
The 1118 Ma age for the Diana Complex, some 35 Ma younger than previously believed, is now approximately synchronous with
the main Adirondack anorthosite intrusion, implying a cogenetic relationship among the various meta-igneous rocks of the Adirondacks.
The retention of a high-temperature contact metamorphic aureole around Diana convincingly places the timing of Adirondack
regional metamorphism as early as 1118 Ma. This result also implies that the sources of anomalous hightemperature during granulite
metamorphism are the syn-metamorphic intrusions, such as the Diana Complex. 相似文献
ABSTRACTBroad disagreement between modelled and observed trends of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) over the north-central part of the Indian subcontinent (NCI) implies a gap in understanding of the relationship between the forcing factors and monsoonal precipitation. Although the strength of the land–sea thermal gradient (LSG) is believed to dictate monsoon intensity, its state and fate under continuous warming over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and part of the NCI (23–28°N, 80–95°E) are less explored. Precipitation (1901–2017) and temperature data (1948–2017) at different vertical heights are used to understand the impact of warming in the ISM. In NCI, surface air temperature increased by 0.1–0.2°C decade?1, comparable to the global warming rate. The ISM precipitation prominently weakened and seasonality reduced after 1950, which is caused by a decrease in the LSG at the depth of the troposphere. Warming-induced increase in local convection over the BoB further reduced ISM precipitation over NCI. 相似文献