Laminated lake sediments in northeast Poland: distribution, preconditions for formation and potential for paleoenvironmental investigation     

Wojciech Tylmann  Bernd Zolitschka  Dirk Enters  Christian Ohlendorf 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2013,50(4):487-503

Glacial landscapes of the Land of Great Masurian Lakes and Suwa?ki Lakelands in northeast Poland are characterized by very high abundance of lakes. These two areas were surveyed for lakes containing laminated sediments. Using bathymetry as a criterion, 60 small, deep lakes, representing preferred conditions for formation and preservation of lacustrine non-glacial varves, were selected for gravity coring. We found laminated sediments in 24 of the lakes, 15 in the Land of Great Masurian Lakes and 9 in the Suwa?ki Lakeland. Seven of these 24 sediment records were laminated in the topmost part only. Analysis of lake morphometric variables showed that the relation between surface area and maximum water depth can be used to identify lakes with laminated sediments. Most of the newly discovered lakes with laminated deposits have surface areas ≤0.3 km² and maximum depths of 15–35 m. Multivariate statistical analysis (Linear Discriminant Analysis) of the lake dataset identified the morphological features of lake basins and their catchments that largely control preservation of laminated sediments. Microscopic and geochemical analyses revealed a biogenic (carbonaceous) type of lamination typical for lakes in northeast Poland. Such lakes are characterized by a spring-summer lamina that is rich in calcium carbonate and an autumn-winter lamina composed of organic and minerogenic detritus. This pattern may be modified by multiple periods of calcite deposition during a single year or substantial contribution of clastic material. Laminations and high sedimentation rates offer the possibility of high-resolution investigation of past climate and environmental changes through application of myriad biological, isotopic and geochemical proxies.  相似文献   

Quantifying the impact of no-till on sediment yield in southern Brazil at the hillslope and catchment scales     

Ana L. Londero  Jean P. G. Minella  Fabio J. A. Schneider  Dinis Deuschle  Gustavo H. Merten  Olivier Evrard  Madalena Boeni 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14286

No-till (NT) is a soil management system designed to protect soil resources from water erosion and provide numerous benefits compared to conventional tillage through the increase of organic matter inputs into the soil. However, NT in isolation is not sufficient to control erosion processes caused by an excessive production of surface runoff. This study evaluated soil losses on agricultural hillslopes under no-till characterized by contrasted water, soil, and crop management conditions. To this end, water and soil losses were monitored between 2014 and 2018 at two scales, including four macroplots (0.6 ha; 27 events) and two paired zero-order catchments (2.4 ha; 63 events). The resulting dataset covered a wide range of rainfall conditions that occurred in contrasted soil, crop, and runoff management conditions. Hyetographs, hydrographs, and sedigraphs were constructed, and these data were used to evaluate the impact of management on sediment yields, including that of terraces, scarification, and phytomass on sediment yield. The installation of terraces reduced sediment yield by 58.7%, mainly through surface runoff control. Crop management including an increased phytomass input efficiently controlled soil losses (63%), although it did not reduce runoff volume and peak flow. In contrast, scarification had no impact on runoff and soil losses. The current research demonstrated the need to combine the installation of terraces and leaving a high amount of phytomass on the soil to control surface runoff and erosion and reduce sediment yield. The current research therefore reinforces the relevance of the monitoring strategy conducted at the scale of macroplots and zero-order catchments to evaluate the impact of contrasted water, soil, and crop management methods and select the most effective conservation agriculture practices.  相似文献   

Uncertainty in complex three-dimensional sediment transport models: equifinality in a model application of the Ems Estuary,the Netherlands     

Dirk Sebastiaan van Maren  Katherine Cronin 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(12):1665-1679

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The structure of molecular clouds – I. All-sky near-infrared extinction maps     

Jonathan Rowles  Dirk Froebrich 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,395(3):1640-1648

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The variability of European floods since AD 1500     

Rüdiger Glaser  Dirk Riemann  Johannes Schönbein  Mariano Barriendos  Rudolf Brázdil  Chiara Bertolin  Dario Camuffo  Mathias Deutsch  Petr Dobrovolný  Aryan van Engelen  Silvia Enzi  Monika Halíčková  Sebastian J. Koenig  Oldřich Kotyza  Danuta Limanówka  Jarmila Macková  Mirca Sghedoni  Brice Martin  Iso Himmelsbach 《Climatic change》2010,101(1-2):235-256

The paper presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of flood variability and forcing of major European rivers since AD 1500. We compile and investigate flood reconstructions which are based on documentary evidence for twelve Central European rivers and for eight Mediterranean rivers. Flood variability and underlying climatological causes are reconstructed by using hermeneutic approaches including critical source analysis and by applying a semi-quantitative classification scheme. The paper describes the driving climatic causes, seasonality and variability of observed flood events within the different river catchments covering the European mainland. Historical flood data are presented and recent research in the field of historical flood reconstructions is highlighted. Additionally, the character of the different flood series is discussed. A comparison of the historical flood seasonality in relation to modern distribution is given and aspects of the spatial coherence are presented. The comparative analysis points to the fact that the number of flood events is predominately triggered by regional climatic forcing, with at most only minor influence on neighbouring catchments. The only exceptions are extreme, supra-regional climatic events and conditions such as anomalous cold winters, similar to that of 1784, which affected large parts of Europe and triggered flood events in several catchments as a result of ice-break at the beginning of the annual thaw. Four periods of increased occurrence of flooding, mostly affecting Central European Rivers, have been identified; 1540–1600, 1640–1700, 1730–1790, 1790–1840. The reconstruction, compilation and analysis of European-wide flood data over the last five centuries reveal the complexity of the underlying climatological causes and the high variability of flood events in temporal and spatial dimension.  相似文献   

Fine sediment transport into the hyper-turbid lower Ems River: the role of channel deepening and sediment-induced drag reduction   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Dirk S. van Maren  Johan C. Winterwerp  Julia Vroom 《Ocean Dynamics》2015,65(4):589-605

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Significant seasonal variation in the hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf-wax lipids for two deciduous tree ecosystems (Fagus sylvativa and Acerpseudoplatanus)     

Dirk Sachse  Ansgar Kahmen  Gerd Gleixner 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(6):732-742

Compound specific hydrogen isotope ratios (δD) of long chain sedimentary n-alkanes, which mostly originate from the leaf waxes of higher terrestrial plants, are increasingly employed as paleoclimate proxies. While soil water is the ultimate hydrogen source for these lipids and the isotopic fractionation during biosynthesis of lipids is thought to remain constant, environmental parameters and plant physiological processes can alter the apparent hydrogen isotopic fractionation between leaf-wax lipids and a plant’s source water. However, the magnitude and timing of these effects and their influence on the isotopic composition of lipids from higher terrestrial plants are still not well understood. Therefore we investigated the seasonal variability of leaf-wax n-alkane δD values for two different temperate deciduous forest ecosystems that are dominated by two different tree species, Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Maple (Acerpseudoplatanus).We found significant seasonal variations for both tree species in n-alkane δD values of up to 40‰ on timescales as short as one week. Also, the isotopic difference between different n-alkanes from the same plant species did vary significantly and reached up to 50‰ at the same time when overall n-alkane concentrations were lowest.Since δD values of soil water at 5 and 10 cm depth, which we assume represent the δD value of the major water source for the investigated beech trees, were enriched in autumn compared to the spring by 30‰, whereas n-alkane δD values increased only by 10‰, we observed variations in the apparent fractionation between beech leaf derived n-alkanes and soil water of up to 20‰ on a seasonal scale. This observed change in the apparent fractionation was likely caused by differences in leaf water isotopic enrichment. Based on mechanistic leaf water models we conclude that changes in the isotopic difference between water vapor and soil water were the most likely reason for the observed changes in the apparent fractionation between n-alkanes and soil water.The large variability of n-alkane concentrations and δD values over time implies a continuous de novo synthesis of these compounds over the growing season with turnover times possibly as short as weeks. The signal to reach the soil therefore represents an integrated record of the last weeks before leaf senescence. This holds true also for the sedimentary record of small catchment lakes in humid, temperate climates, where wind transport of leaf-wax lipids is negligible compared to transfer through soil and the massive input of leaves directly into the lake in autumn.  相似文献   

Wave-trains in the solar wind     

Arne K. Richter  Dirk J. Olbers 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1974,26(1):95-105

The equations of motion of all relevant parameters of Alfvén waves propagating from the sun outwardly into the expanding interplanetary medium are discussed for the case of a quiet, ideal, isotropic, one-fluid solar wind plasma. It is found that the frequency of the wave reamains constant, while the wave vector and the amplitudes depend, in general, on the evolution of the background medium and on the angle between the wave vector and the interplanetary magnetic field. This latter dependence cancels approximately for the evolution of the amplitudes in the case of a pure, overall spiral magnetic field. It is shown that in this case the results of earlier discussions can be derived by less decisive restrictions.  相似文献   

Crystal chemical controls on rare earth element partitioning between epidote-group minerals and melts: an experimental and theoretical study     

Dirk?FreiEmail author  Axel?Liebscher  Antje?Wittenberg  Cliff?S.?J.?Shaw 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2003,146(2):192-204

We have experimentally determined the partitioning of REE (rare earth elements) between zoisite and hydrous silicate melt at 1,100 °C and 3 GPa. All REE behave moderately compatible in zoisite with respect to the melt and all show a smooth parabolic dependence on ionic radius. The partitioning parabola peaks at Nd , and the compatibility slightly decreases towards La and decreases by half an order of magnitude towards Yb . Application of the elastic strain model of Blundy and Wood (1994) to the available zoisite and allanite REE mineral/melt partitioning data and comparison with partitioning pattern calculated from a combination of structural and physical data (taken from the literature) with the elastic strain model suggest that in zoisite REE prefer the A1-site and that only La and Ce are incorporated into the A2-site in significant amounts. In contrast, in allanite, all REE are preferentially incorporated into the large and highly co-ordinated A2 site. As a result, zoisite fractionates the MREE effectively from the HREE and moderately from the LREE, while allanite fractionates the LREE very effectively from the MREE and HREE. Consequently, the presence of either zoisite or allanite during slab melting will lead to quite different REE pattern in the produced melt.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs  相似文献   

Chlorite dissolution in the acid ph-range: a combined microscopic and macroscopic approach   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Felix Brandt  Dirk Bosbach  Thuro Arnold 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(8):1451-1461

The dissolution of chlorite with intermediate Fe-content was studied macroscopically via mixed flow experiments as well as microscopically via atomic force microscopy (AFM). BET surface area normalized steady state dissolution rates at 25 °C for pH 2 to 5 vary between 10⁻¹² and 10⁻¹³ mol/m^2.s. The order of the dissolution reaction with respect to protons was calculated to be about 0.29. For pH 2 to 4, chlorite was found to dissolve non-stoichiometrically, with a preferred release of the octahedrally coordinated cations. The additional release of octahedrally coordinated cations may be due to the transformation of chlorite to interstratified chlorite/vermiculite from the grain edges inward.In-situ atomic force microscopy performed on the basal surfaces of a chlorite sample, which has been preconditioned at pH 2 for several months, indicated a defect controlled dissolution mechanism. Molecular steps with height differences which correspond to the different subunits of chlorite, e.g. TOT sheet and brucite like layer, originated at surface defects such or compositional inhomogenities or cracks, which may be due to the deformation history of the chlorite sample. In contrast to other sheet silicates, at pH 2 nanoscale etch pits occur on the chlorite basal surfaces within flat terraces terminated by a TOT-sheet as well as within the brucite like layer. The chlorite basal surface dissolves layer by layer, because most of the surface defects are only expressed through single TOT or brucite-like layers. The defect controlled dissolution mechanism favours dissolution of molecular steps on the basal surfaces compared to dissolution of the grain edges. At pH 2 the dissolution of the chlorite basal surface is dominated by the retreat of 14 Å steps, representing one chlorite unit cell.The macroscopic and microscopic chlorite dissolution rates can be linked via the reactive surface area as identified by AFM. The reactive surface area with respect to dissolution consists of only 0.2% of the BET-surface area. A dissolution rate of 2.5 × 10⁻⁹ mol/m²s was calculated from macroscopic and microscopic dissolution experiments at pH 2, when normalized to the reactive surface area.  相似文献