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31.
Dispersant Use and a Bioremediation Strategy as Alternate Means of Reducing Impacts of Large Oil Spills on Mangroves: The Gladstone Field Trials 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Norman C Duke Kathryn A Burns Richard P.J Swannell Otto Dalhaus Roland J Rupp 《Marine pollution bulletin》2000,41(7-12):403-412
Over a three-year period (1995–1998), we studied short-term effects of dispersant use and a bioremediation strategy in two consecutive field trials in sub-tropical Australian mangroves. In each case, weathered oil was applied, and a large spill simulated, in mature Rhizophora stylosa trees around 4–9 m tall. In the first trial, we used Gippsland light crude oil with or without dispersant, Corexit 9527. In the second, a bioremediation strategy followed application of Gippsland oil or Bunker C fuel oil. Bioremediation involved forced aeration with supplemental application of nutrients. Dispersant use had an overall positive benefit shown as reduced tree mortality. By contrast, there was no apparent reduction in mortality of trees with bioremediation. However, one year after oiling, leaf densities of surviving trees were greater in bioremediation plots than in controls, and less in oil-only plots. These and other results have been incorporated into spill response management strategies in Australia. 相似文献
32.
Michael Wiedenbeck Roxana Bugoi M. John M. Duke Tibor Dunai Jacinta Enzweiler Mary Horan Klaus Peter Jochum Kathryn Linge Jan Košler Silke Merchel Luiz F.G. Morales Lutz Nasdala Roland Stalder Paul Sylvester Ulrike Weis Arnaud Zoubir 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2012,36(4):337-398
Advances in the chemical and isotopic characterisation of geological and environmental materials can often be ascribed to technological improvements in analytical hardware. Equally, the creation of novel methods of data acquisition and interpretation, including access to better reference materials, can also be crucial components enabling important breakthroughs. This biennial review highlights key advances in either instrumentation or data acquisition and treatment, which have appeared since January 2010. This review is based on the assessments by scientists prominent in each of the given analytical fields; it is not intended as an exhaustive summary, but rather provides insight from experts of the most significant advances and trends in their given field of expertise. In contrast to earlier reviews, this presentation has been formulated into a unified work, providing a single source covering a broad spectrum of geoanalytical techniques. Additionally, some themes that were not previously emphasised, in particular thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, accelerator‐based methods and vibrational spectroscopy, are also presented in detail. 相似文献
33.
Mangroves are sensitive to the root application of Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides and Avicennia marina is more sensitive than other mangroves tested. Seedlings of four mangrove species, including two salt-excreting species (A. marina and Aegiceras corniculatum) and two salt-excluding species (Rhizophora stylosa and Ceriops australis) were treated with a range of concentrations of the herbicides diuron, ametryn and atrazine. Assessment of responses required the separation of seedlings into two groups: those that had only their roots exposed to the herbicides through the water (A. marina and R. stylosa) and those that had both roots and leaves exposed to herbicides through the water (A. corniculatum and C. australis). Salt-excreting species in each group were more susceptible to all herbicide treatments than salt-excluding species, indicating that root physiology was a major factor in the uptake of toxic pollutants in mangroves. Submergence of leaves appeared to facilitate herbicide uptake, having serious implications for seedling recruitment in the field. Each herbicide was ranked by its toxicity to mangrove seedlings from most damaging to least effective, with diuron>ametryn>atrazine. The relative sensitivity of A. marina found in these pot trials was consistent with the observed sensitivity of this species in the field, notably where severe dieback had specifically affected A. marina in the Mackay region, north eastern Australia. 相似文献
34.
Duke NC Bell AM Pederson DK Roelfsema CM Bengtson Nash S 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,51(1-4):308-324
Herbicides, particularly diuron, were correlated with severe and widespread dieback of the dominant mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. var. eucalyptifolia (Val.) N.C. Duke (Avicenniaceae), its reduced canopy condition, and declines in seedling health within three neighbouring estuaries in the Mackay region of NE Australia. This unusual species-specific dieback, first observed in the early 1990s, had gotten notably worse by 2002 to affect >30 km(2) of mangroves in at least five adjacent estuaries in the region. Over the past century, agricultural production has responded well to the demands of increasing population with improvements in farm efficiency assisted by significant increases in the use of agricultural chemicals. However, with regular and episodic river flow events, these chemicals have sometimes found their way into estuarine and nearshore water and sediments where their effects on marine habitats have been largely unquantified. Investigations over the last three years in the Mackay region provide compelling evidence of diuron, and possibly other agricultural herbicides, as the most likely cause of the severe and widespread mangrove dieback. The likely consequences of such dieback included declines in coastal water quality with increased turbidity, nutrients and sediment deposition, as well as further dispersal of the toxic chemicals. The implications of such findings are immense since they describe not only the serious deterioration of protected and beneficial mangrove habitat but also the potential for significant direct and indirect effects on other highly-valued estuarine and marine habitats in the region, including seagrass beds and coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. This article reviews all key findings and observations to date and describes the essential correlative and causative evidence. 相似文献
35.
Summary The Dumont Sill is an Archaean komatiitic intrusion, whichDuke (1986) subdivided into a mafic (MZ) and ultramafic zone (UMZ). The UMZ comprises an upper (UPZ) and a lower peridotite subzone (LPZ) consisting of olivine + chromite cumulates and a dunite subzone (DZ) between them, consisting of olivine ± sulfide cumulates.Three sulfide-rich layers in the DZ are delineated by anomalously high Ni, Cu, S and Se concentrations (Ni 0.95 wt %, Cu 0.07 wt.%, S 1.0 wt.%, Se 2.7 ppm). They also contain elevated contents of noble metals (Au 31.5 ppb, Pd 210 ppb, Pt 180 ppb, Ir 8.4 ppb, Os 6 ppb). Unmineralized samples contain 3–8 ppb Pd, 1–20 ppb Pt, 0.2–3.6 ppb Au, 0.5–6 ppb Ir, and 1–6 ppb Os.Samples belonging to the LPZ and UPZ and lying above and beneath the mineralized horizons have rather high Ir contents, generally between 2.9 to 4.4 ppb. In contrast, Ir contents of sulfide-free samples from the DZ and UPZ which lie immediately above the mineralized zones have significantly lower Ir concentrations, ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 ppb. This zone of Ir depletion coincides with a zone of Ni-depleted olivine and sulfide which crystallized just above sulfide-rich horizons in the DZ (Duke, 1986). It is suggested that Ir and Ni depletion in cumulates which lie between or above sulfide-rich zones are due to the lower Ir and Ni contents in olivine which crystallized from a silicate magma from which a sulfide liquid had already been segregated. Alternatively, if metal alloys control the distribution of Ir and Os in the DZ, the Ir depletion in the cumulates above the ore' horizons implies that crystallization of the metal phase ceased. This would be the case if, due to the segregation of sulfides, the Ir concentration in the silicate liquid falls below the solubility limit of the metal phase.The sulfide mineralization probably formed by fractional segregation of a sulfide/ oxide liquid, as the PGE concentrations in the sulfide liquid and PGE/Se, or PGE/S ratios tend to decrease from the bottom to the top in the mineralized zones.Duke (1986) proposed that sulfide saturation was caused by mixing of primitive komatiite magma with fractionated interstitial liquid, which was squeezed out of the cumulate pile. Sulfide segregation at the floor of the magma chamber is likely to have been a very localized event implying low R-factors. The small PGE-enrichment in the sulfide horizons of the Dumont Sill and the narrow zones of Ir-depletion just above the sulfide zones are consistent with the proposed process.
With 6 Figures 相似文献
Die Verteilung von Platingruppen-Elementen im Dumont Sill, Quebec und ihre Bedeutung für die Bildung von Ni-Sulfid MIneralisationen
Zusammenfassung Der Dumont Sill ist eine komatiitische Intrusion, die von Duke (1986) in eine mafische (MZ) und eine ultramafische (UMZ) Zone untergliedert wurde. Die UMZ setzt sich aus einer oberen (UPZ) und einer unteren (LPZ) peridotitischen Subzone, die aus Olivinund Chromft-Kumulaten besteht, und einer dunitischen Subzone (DZ), zwischen diese beiden eingeschaltet, zusammen. Letztere besteht aus Olivin- und Sulfid-Kumulaten.Drei sulfidreiche Lagen innerhalb der DZ sind durch anomal hohe Gehalte an Ni, Cu, S und Se (Ni 0.95 Gew. %, Cu 0.07 Gew. %, S 1.0 Gew. %, Se 2.7 ppm) charakterisiert. Erhöhte Gehalte an Edelmetallen (Au 31.5 ppb, Pd 210 ppb, Pt 180 ppb, Ir 8.4 ppb, Os 6 ppb) sind ebenfalls an diese Lagen gebunden. Unvererzte Proben enthalten < 3–8 ppb Pd, 1–20 ppb Pt, 0.2–3.6 ppb Au, 0.5–6 ppb Ir und 1–6 ppb Os.Proben aus der LPZ und UPZ und solche aus dem Hangenden und Liegenden der Mineralisationshorizonte zeigen relativ hohe Ir-Gehalte; im allgemeinen zwischen 2.9 und 4.4 ppb. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die Ir-Gehalte sulfidfreier Proben unmittelbar über vererzten Lagen deutlich erniedrigt; sie variieren zwischen 0.1–1.5 ppb. Diese an Ir verarmte Zone entspricht einer Zone nickelarmer Olivine und Sulfide, die unmittelbar oberhalb der sulfidreichen Horizonte in der DZ kristallisierten (Duke, 1986). Es wird vermutet, daß die Ir- und Ni-Abreicherung in den Kumulaten, die oberhalb und zwischen den sulfid-reichen Zonen liegen, mit den niedrigeren Ir- und Ni-Gehalten der Olivinen zusammenhängt. Die Olivine kristallisierten aus einem Silikatmagma, von dem sich bereits eine Sulfidschmelze abgeschieden hatte.Soferne metallische Verbindungen die Ir- und Os-Verteilung in der DZ kontrollieren, würde die Ir-Abreicherung in den Kumulaten oberhalb des Erzhorizontes auf ein Ende der Kristallisation einer metallischen Phase hinweisen. Dieser Fall könnte eintreten, sobald durch die Ausscheidung von Sulfiden, die Ir-Konzentration in der silikatischen Schmelze unter die Löslichkeitsgrenze der Metallphase fällt.Die Sulfidvererzung bildete sich wahrscheinlich infolge von fraktionierter kristallisation einer Sulfid/Oxidschmelze, da die PGE Konzentrationen der Sulfidschmelze, und das PGE/S Verhältnis vom Liegenden zum Hangenden hin in den mineralisierten Horizonten abnehmen. Duke (1986) schlug ein Modell vor, in dem die Sulfid-Sättigung der silikatischen Schmelze durch eine Vermischung eines komatiitischen Magmas mit einer fraktionierten, interstitialen, aus den Kumulaten ausgequetschten Schmelze erklärt wird. Die Sulfidausfällung an der Basis der Magmenkammer scheint ein lokal recht begrenztes Phänomen gewesen zu sein, die niedrige R-Faktoren bedingt. Die geringfügige PGE-Anreicherung in den Sulfidlagen des Dumont Sills und die schmale Zone der Ir-Abreicherung unmittelbar oberhalb dieser sulfidischen Zone stehen mit diesen vorgeschlagenen Prozessen im Einklang.
With 6 Figures 相似文献
36.
Hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of the Voltaian Basin: the Afram Plains area,Ghana 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the Afram Plains area, groundwater is the main source of water supply for most uses. The area is underlain by aquifers
of the southern Voltaian sedimentary basin, which are predominantly sandstones, mudstones, conglomerates and shale. Ordinary
least squares regression analysis using 41 well-test data from aquifers in the Afram Plains portion of the Voltaian system
reveals that transmissivity, T, exists in a non-linear relationship with specific capacity, Sc. The analysis reveals that T = 0.769Sc1.075 with R
2 = 0.83 for aquifers in the area. The mudstone/conglomerate aquifer in the area appears to be the most variable in terms of
both specific capacity and transmissivity with transmissivity ranging from 0.18 to 197.7 m2/day and 0.5 and 148.5 m3/day/m, respectively. Horizontal fractures and joints resulting from secondary fracturing appear to be the main determinants
of both transmissivity and specific capacity in the area. PHREEQC modeling and mineral stability diagrams indicate that groundwater
quality in the Afram Plains area is controlled by the incongruent weathering of silicate minerals in the aquifers. These processes
concentrate calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate ion and quartz, leading to calcite, dolomite and aragonite
supersaturation at most locations. Hierarchical cluster analysis performed on the raw chemical data reveals two main water
types or facies: the calcium–sodium–chloride–bicarbonate facies, and the magnesium–potassium–sulfate–nitrate facies for the
southern and northern sections of the Afram Plains area, respectively. 相似文献
37.
Groundwater availability in the shallow aquifers of the southern voltaian system: a simulation and chemical analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A steady state groundwater flow simulation model was developed using available well data and general hydrogeological and geological
information, for the Afram Plains area, Ghana. The hydrochemistry of groundwater from wells in the area was then evaluated
to determine its suitability for irrigation and domestic uses. The assessment of the irrigation quality of groundwater from
this area was based on salinity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratios (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and permeability
indices (PI). The simulation model reveals that groundwater in the Afram Plains area generally flows from the midsections
in the neighborhood of Tease and surrounding areas, where significant recharge takes place, to the outer regions and discharges
into the Volta Lake in the southern and eastern sections of the area. Flow magnitude and piezometric maps suggest that there
is probably of less potential for groundwater extraction for sustainable irrigation in the central regions of the area, when
compared to the other discharge areas. This study reveals that more than 70% of the samples analyzed fall within the C2–S1
category, referring to the medium level salinity and low sodium. Medium salinity waters may be used for irrigation on coarse
textured soils with good permeability. About 15% of the data fall within the C3–S2 category, referring to water of high salinity
and medium sodicity. High salinity, medium sodicity irrigation water cannot be used on fine-grained soils where drainage is
restricted. This is because restricted flow is likely to result in the accumulation of salts in the root zones of crops, leading
to salinity and soil clogging crisis. About 3% falls within the C3–S3 (high salinity, high sodicity) category. This category
requires special soil management including improved drainage, heavy leaching and the use of chemical amendments on the water.
Only one point plots within the extreme salinity–sodicity range. Concentrations of fluoride, arsenic and other natural elements
in the area generally fall well within the world health standards for domestic water. 相似文献
38.
Freshwater inflow has a strong impact on the biological, chemical and physical characteristics of estuaries, which in turn affect the distribution and abundance of estuarine organisms. Increased climatic variability associated with climate change is predicated to modify precipitation patterns, which will likely intensify floods in estuaries. The demersal fish assemblage of the freshwater-dominated Great Fish Estuary, South Africa, was sampled using beam trawls, monthly, from December 2013 to November 2014. The first six months of the study were characterised by river flooding and high flow, with estuarine conditions found only in the mouth region; this was followed by six months of intermediate flow, with estuarine conditions recorded up to 10 km from the mouth. River flooding and subsequent reduced salinity resulted in a decrease in species richness and abundances of fishes in the estuary, with only two estuarine species (Glossogobius callidus and Psammogobius knysnaensis) and one marine migrant (Solea turbynei) recorded following river flooding (201 m3 s?1), in January 2014. The greatest species richness and abundances among both marine and estuarine fishes were recorded during intermediate flow conditions. We conclude that although freshwater inflow into estuaries is important for the nursery function of these systems, flooding—especially in freshwater-dominated estuaries—may cause a temporary decline in the abundance of most marine and estuarine fish species, including important bentho-pelagic marine migrant fishery species, such as Argyrosomus japonicus and Pomadasys commersonnii. 相似文献
39.
C Edworthy NC James B Erasmus JOG Kemp H Kaiser WM Potts 《African Journal of Marine Science》2018,40(1):67-74
The physiology of fishes in the early stages of development remains poorly assessed despite the importance of identifying energy bottlenecks in organisms faced with changing environmental conditions. This study describes the metabolic activity of dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus throughout its early development, from hatchling to settlement stage. Standard, routine and active metabolic rates (SMR, RMR and AMR, respectively) were assessed to determine the species’ metabolic scope and identify how metabolism changes with growth and development. Distinct metabolic changes occurred in association with developmental changes during the early life stages, with flexion-stage larvae showing significantly reduced metabolic scope (approx. 0.30 µmol O2 ind.–1 h–1), representing an energy bottleneck. Based on these findings, it is likely that larvae of A. japonicus are most susceptible to environmental perturbations during flexion. The variability of metabolic rates during the diel cycle was also assessed and revealed that the early-stage larvae showed no preference for daylight, although settlement-stage juveniles were more active during daylight hours (RMR = 12.78 µmol O2 ind.–1 h–1) than at night (RMR = 5.87 µmol O2 ind.–1 h–1). These results suggest that metabolic measurements of the SMR of A. japonicus larvae can be taken at any time of the diel cycle until the settlement phase, when readings should take place at night. 相似文献
40.
The lag-one serial correlation coefficient is one of the important hydrological metric used as a quantitative measure of carry-over
capacity of water stored within a catchment. In this study, the annual lag-one serial correlation coefficient has been computed
for 27 unregulated streams spread across the two main climatic regions of New Jersey, USA. The computed mean annual lag-one
serial correlation coefficient was found to be 0.17, which is typical of the national value. It appears that streams that
drain northern catchments have higher carry-over capacity in comparison to their southern counterparts. Further, the Goud–Dincer
Gamma method of reservoir storage capacity was used to compare the average reservoir storage needed to meet the over-year
storage requirement for a hypothetical reservoir located within the two main climatic regions. The results revealed that on
average, a reservoir needed to meet over-year storage requirements in climate region 1 (northern New Jersey) needs to be a
little more than one half times as large as those in climate region 2 (southern New Jersey) for the same level of regulation.
Though groundwater recharge to streams in the southern catchments are generally higher than their northern counterparts, it
appears relatively less ground water (release from storage) in any given year in the south is carried from the previous year(s). 相似文献