Implications of experimental petrology to the evolution of ultrapotassic rocks   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

A. D. Edgar  D. Vukadinovic 《Lithos》1992,28(3-6):205-220

The contributions of experimental studies pertinent to ultrapotassic rocks of Groups I (lamproites) and II (kamafugites and related rocks) are discussed in terms of synthetic systems, ultrapotassic rock compositions, experiments on characteristic minerals in these rocks and experiments designed to model mantle metasomatism. These studies indicate that the majority of ultrapotassic magmas are derived by partial melting of a metasomatically enriched mantle source at depths of 100 km or greater, and under fluid conditions represented by the C---O---H system with fluorine that may be reduced or oxidized relative to other compositions. Many lamproitic magmas may be derived from a phlogopite-harzburgite with volatiles that are predominantly H₂O and F₁ whereas kamafugitic type ultrapotassic magmas may be products of partial melts of a more wehrlitic mantle source in which the main volatiles are H₂O, CO₂ and possibly F. Experimental and theoretical considerations of mantle metasomatism suggest that it occurs at of f_O2 in the range of the FMQ buffer. Metasomatism involves low density mantle fluids (melts?) in which H₂O and CO₂ are the important volatiles, buffered by amphibole, phlogopite and carbonates. Results of recent experiments suggest that the reactions causing metasomatism may be decoupled and cyclic and occur at different depths.  相似文献   

Fluorine-bearing phases in lamproites     

Prof. Dr. A. D. Edgar  H. E. Charbonneau 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1991,44(1-2):125-149

Summary The distribution of F between phlogopite, amphibole, apatite, and glass has been determined for 261amproites from Leucite Hills, Wyoming; West Kimberley, Western Australia; Smoky Butte, Montana; Prairie Creek, Arkansas; and Gaussberg, Antarctica. The F contents of these phases are inconsistent in different lamproite localities, with distinct variations, for example, between the Leucite Hills and West Kimberley lamproites. Fluorine commonly occurs in greatest abundance in phlogopite and apatite. Evolved glass in some lamproites may have no detectable F. With increasing evolution of lamproites, F tends to decrease in whole rocks, amphibole and glass. Fluorine also shows a variety of relationships with BaO in phlogopite and apatite. Based on plots of F/(F + OH) in apatite and phlogopite, apatite and amphibole, and phlogopite and amphibole, the distribution of F is variable in different lamproites and hence determination of partition coefficients is not possible. The F distribution patterns are affected by lack of mutual equilibrium between F-bearing phases, possible removal of F in a fluid phase during magma degassing, variations in physical conditions between different phases during crystallization of the magma, and other causes. This study suggests that F preferentially enters solid rather than liquid phases. Hence, on partial melting of a F-rich mantle source, the F entering melts is unlikely to be sufficient to produce high F-bearing lamproites.

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Fluor führende Phasen in Lamproiten

Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung von Fluor zwischen Phlogopit, Amphibol, Apatit und Glas wurde für 26 Lamproite aus den Leucite Hills, Wyoming; West Kimberley, West-Australien, Smokie Butte, Montana; Prairie Creek, Arkansas; und Gaussberg, Antarktis, bestimmt. Der Fluorgehalt dieser Phasen schwankt in verschiedenen Lamproitvorkommen, und besonders Kimberley. Fluor kommt im allgemeinen besonders reichlich in Phlogopit und Apatit vor. Das Glas in manchen Lamproiten führt keine nachweisbaren Fluorgehalte. Mit zunehmender Evolution von Lamproiten tendiert F in den Gesamtgesteins-analysen, wie auch in Amphibol und im Glas abzunehmen. Fluor zeigt auch Beziehungen zu den BaO Gehalten in Phlogopit und Apatit. Auf der Basis von Plots von F/(F + OH) in Apatit und Phlogopit, Apatit und Amphibol, und Phlogopit und Amphibol, läßt sich erkennen, daß die Verteilung von F in verschiedenen Lamproiten variabel ist und daher eine Bestimmung von Verteilungskoefizienten nicht möglich ist. Die F-Verteilungsmuster werden von dem Mangel an gegenseitigem Euqilibrium zwischen F-führenden Phasen, möglichem Wegtransport von F in einer fluiden Phase während MagmaEntgasung, Variationen in den physikalischen Bedingungen zwischen verschiedenen Phasen bei der Kristallisation des Magmas, und durch andere Ursachen beeinflußt. Diese Untersuchung zeigt, daß F vorzugsweise in festen und nicht in flüssigen Phasen untergebracht wird. Daher wird das Fluor, das in Schmelzen bei der teilweisen Rufschmelzung von fluor-reichen Mantelgesteinen untergebracht wird, kaum ausreichen, um fluor-reiche Lamproite zu erzeugen.

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Patent mantle-metasomatism: Inferences based on experimental studies     

Y Thibault  A D Edgar 《Journal of Earth System Science》1990,99(1):21-37

K, Na and Ca are the most common elements transported during mantle metasomatism and result in formation of phlogopite (K), amphibole (Na) and clinopyroxene (Ca) by various reactions. This review presents models for this type of metasomatism based on experiments on the pyrolite-K₂CO₃-H₂O, pyrolite-Na₂ CO₃-H₂O systems and on the pyrolite-CaCO₃ system. The addition of K₂CO₃ and Na₂CO₃ lowers the liquidus of pyrolite providing a low temperature, alkali-rich hydrous melt which may ascend and metasomatize overlying mantle regions. Several reactions are proposed for the formation of phlogopite and amphibole (pargasite-edenite) in these systems. The compositions of amphiboles correspond to those found in metasomatized mantle xenoliths. In contrast, Ca-metasomatism is considered to be mainly an anhydrous process in which orthopyroxene and carbonate react to produce clinopyroxene, olivine and CO₂. High pressure liquids in this model system are of carbonatitic composition and this low viscosity melt can ascend converting harzburgite mantle assemblages to olivine-rich wehrlite. Based on an inverse experimental approach, moderately high degrees of partial melting of a model metasomatized alkali clinopyroxenite xenolith yield liquids at 30kb which are very comparable in composition to the lavas enclosing such types of xenoliths. Experimental modelling of mantle metasomatism produces assemblages which are in good agreement with the mineral assemblages and textural relationships found in metasomatized mantle xenoliths from areas such as West Eifel and South-West Uganda.  相似文献   

Notes on the Cambrian Area of Comley     

Edgar Sterling Cobbold 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1925,36(4):367-376

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Atmospheric forcing, larval drift, and recruitment of capelin (Mallotus villosus)     

Dalley  Edgar L.; Anderson  John T.; deYoung  Brad 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2002,59(5):929-941

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On Reynolds Averaging of Turbulence Time Series   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

George Treviño  Edgar L. Andreas 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(2):303-311

We show that validity of Reynolds averaging for estimating the (ensemble) mean of a turbulence time series requires that the series values be both stationary and uncorrelated. In strict statistical terminology, these two conditions are jointly designated as independent identically distributed (i.i.d.). Moreover, we show that when the series values are correlated, knowledge of the correlation between the values is needed to obtain a reliable estimate of the mean. Last, we contend that a viable averaging algorithm must be Reynolds number (Re) dependent, requiring one version for low Re (Gaussian) turbulence and another for high Re (non-Gaussian) turbulence. Alternatively the median (as opposed to the mean) is recommended as a measure of the central tendency of the turbulence probability density function.  相似文献   

Trade, transport, and sinks extend the carbon dioxide responsibility of countries: An editorial essay   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Glen P. Peters  Gregg Marland  Edgar G. Hertwich  Laura Saikku  Aapo Rautiainen  Pekka E. Kauppi 《Climatic change》2009,93(3-4):379-388

Sea-level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat: The scientific evidence is now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming could well promote SLR of 1 m in this century, and unexpectedly rapid breakup of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might produce a 3–5 m SLR. In this paper, we assess the consequences of continued SLR for 84 coastal developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to overlay the best available, spatially disaggregated global data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, and GDP), with the inundation zones projected for 1–5 m SLR. Our results reveal that tens of millions of people in the developing world are likely to be displaced by SLR within this century; and accompanying economic and ecological damage will be severe for many. At the country level results are extremely skewed, with severe impacts limited to a relatively small number of countries.  相似文献   

The spray contribution to net evaporation from the sea: A review of recent progress   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Edgar L Andreas  James B. Edson  Edward C. Monahan  Mathieu P. Rouault  Stuart D. Smith 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1995,72(1-2):3-52

The part that sea spray plays in the air-sea transfer of heat and moisture has been a controversial question for the last two decades. With general circulation models (GCMs) suggesting that perturbations in the Earth's surface heat budget of only a few W m^–2 can initiate major climatic variations, it is crucial that we identify and quantify all the terms in that heat budget. Thus, here we review recent work on how sea spray contributes to the sea surface heat and moisture budgets. In the presence of spray, the near-surface atmosphere is characterized by a droplet evaporation layer (DEL) with a height that scales with the significant-wave amplitude. The majority of spray transfer processes occur within this layer. As a result, the DEL is cooler and more moist than the atmospheric surface layer would be under identical conditions but without the spray. Also, because the spray in the DEL provides elevated sources and sinks for heat and moisture, the vertical heat fluxes are no longer constant with height. We use Eulerian and Lagrangian models and a simple analytical model to study the processes important in spray droplet dispersion and evaporation within this DEL. These models all point to the conclusion that, in high winds (above about 15 m/s), sea spray begins to contribute significantly to the air-sea fluxes of heat and moisture. For example, we estimate that, in a 20-m/s wind, with an air temperature of 20°C, a sea surface temperature of 22°C, and a relative humidity of 80%, the latent and sensible heat fluxes resulting from the spray alone will have magnitudes of order 150 and 15 W/m², respectively, in the DEL. Finally, we speculate on what fraction of these fluxes rise out of the DEL and, thus, become available to the entire marine boundary layer.  相似文献   

Role of subduction in the genesis of leucite-bearing rocks: Discussion     

A. D. Edgar 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,73(4):429-431

Conclusions The examples given above indicate a strong possibility of a genetic connection between high K volcanic rocks and subduction related processes, and suggest that the statements quoted from Cundari (1979) in the first paragraph of this paper cannot be substantiated. The origin of the high K rocks has been, and remains, one of the most puzzling problems in petrology. Petrologists are not yet in a position to exclude any aspects of their genesis as Cundari's statements imply.  相似文献   

Mineral chemistry and petrogenesis of an ultrapotassic-ultramafic volcanic rock     

A. D. Edgar 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,71(2):171-175

Compositions of the major phenocryst minerals (olivine, phlogopite) and groundmass minerals (olivine, phlogopite, kalsilite), and a glass phase have been determined from a biotite mafurite occurring as an ejected block in the highly K-rich ultramafic rocks of south west Uganda. Comparison of the phenocryst mineral compositions with those determined from recent high pressure experiments on biotite mafurite composition suggests this rock may have formed by partial melting of a K-enriched mantle source containing both H₂O and CO₂ at approximately 1,250 ° C and 30 kb. The absence of crystalline leucite but its presence as a major component of the glass phase and textural relations in the groundmass indicate that the final consolidation of the biotite mafurite took place at pressures greater than atmospheric. The presence of phlogopite, olivine, kalsilite, and glass mainly of leucite composition may suggest that consolidation took place under the conditions where these phases were in equilibrium. Based on the experimentally determined conditions for the reaction of phlogopite break down to olivine+kalsilite +liquid+vapor, a crude estimation of the consolidation conditions for ejected blocks of biotite mafurite are 1,150 °–1,180 ° C at a of 1–2 kb.  相似文献