Shock experiments in support of the Lithopanspermia theory: The influence of host rock composition,temperature, and shock pressure on the survival rate of endolithic and epilithic microorganisms     

Cornelia MEYER  Jörg FRITZ  Martin MISGAISKI  Dieter STÖFFLER  Natalia A. ARTEMIEVA  Ulrich HORNEMANN  Ralf MOELLER  Jean‐Pierre De VERA  Charles COCKELL  Gerda HORNECK  Sieglinde OTT  Elke RABBOW 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2011,46(5):701-718

Abstract– Shock recovery experiments were performed with an explosive set‐up in which three types of microorganisms embedded in various types of host rocks were exposed to strong shock waves with pressure pulse lengths of lower than 0.5 μs: spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Xanthoria elegans lichens, and cells of the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. 029. In these experiments, three fundamental parameters were systematically varied (1) shock pressures ranging from 5 to 50 GPa, (2) preshock ambient temperature of 293, 233 and 193 K, and (3) the type of host rock, including nonporous igneous rocks (gabbro and dunite as analogs for the Martian shergottites and chassignites, respectively), porous sandstone, rock salt (halite), and a clay‐rich mineral mixture as porous analogs for dry and water‐saturated Martian regolith. The results show that the three parameters have a strong influence on the survival rates of the microorganisms. The most favorable conditions for the impact ejection from Mars for microorganisms would be (1) low porosity host rocks, (2) pressures <10–20 GPa, and (3) low ambient temperature of target rocks during impact. All tested microorganisms were capable of surviving to a certain extent impact ejection in different geological materials under distinct conditions.  相似文献   

Improving the assessment and valuation of climate change impacts for policy and regulatory analysis     

Alex L. Marten  Robert E. Kopp  Kate C. Shouse  Charles W. Griffiths  Elke L. Hodson  Elizabeth Kopits  Bryan K. Mignone  Chris Moore  Steve C. Newbold  Stephanie Waldhoff  Ann Wolverton 《Climatic change》2013,117(3):433-438

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Ram pressure stripping of disc galaxies orbiting in clusters – I. Mass and radius of the remaining gas disc     

Elke Roediger  Marcus Brüggen 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,380(4):1399-1408

We present the first 3D hydrodynamical simulations of ram pressure stripping of a disc galaxy orbiting in a galaxy cluster. Along the orbit, the ram pressure that this galaxy experiences varies with time. In this paper, we focus on the evolution of the radius and mass of the remaining gas disc, and compare it with the classical analytical estimate proposed by Gunn & Gott. We find that this simple estimate works well in predicting the evolution of the radius of the remaining gas disc. Only if the ram pressure increases faster than the stripping time-scale, the disc radius remains larger than predicted. However, orbits with such short ram pressure peaks are unlikely to occur in other than compact clusters. Unlike the radius evolution, the mass-loss history for the galaxy is not accurately described by the analytical estimate. Generally, in the simulations the galaxy loses its gas more slowly than predicted.  相似文献   

Land-use transition for bioenergy and climate stabilization: model comparison of drivers,impacts and interactions with other land use based mitigation options   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alexander Popp  Steven K. Rose  Katherine Calvin  Detlef P. Van Vuuren  Jan Phillip Dietrich  Marshall Wise  Elke Stehfest  Florian Humpenöder  Page Kyle  Jasper Van Vliet  Nico Bauer  Hermann Lotze-Campen  David Klein  Elmar Kriegler 《Climatic change》2014,123(3-4):495-509

In this article, we evaluate and compare results from three integrated assessment models (GCAM, IMAGE, and ReMIND/MAgPIE) regarding the drivers and impacts of bioenergy production on the global land system. The considered model frameworks employ linked energy, economy, climate and land use modules. By the help of these linkages the direct competition of bioenergy with other energy technology options for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, based on economic costs and GHG emissions from bioenergy production, has been taken into account. Our results indicate that dedicated bioenergy crops and biomass residues form a potentially important and cost-effective input into the energy system. At the same time, however, the results differ strongly in terms of deployment rates, feedstock composition and land-use and greenhouse gas implications. The current paper adds to earlier work by specific looking into model differences with respect to the land-use component that could contribute to the noted differences in results, including land cover allocation, land use constraints, energy crop yields, and non-bioenergy land mitigation options modeled. In scenarios without climate change mitigation, bioenergy cropland represents 10–18 % of total cropland by 2100 across the different models, and boosts cropland expansion at the expense of carbon richer ecosystems. Therefore, associated emissions from land-use change and agricultural intensification as a result of bio-energy use range from 14 and 113 Gt CO2-eq cumulatively through 2100. Under climate policy, bioenergy cropland increases to 24–36 % of total cropland by 2100.  相似文献   

Mediterranean climate extremes in synoptic downscaling assessments     

Stefanie Seubert  Sonia Fernández-Montes  Andreas Philipp  Elke Hertig  Jucundus Jacobeit  Gernot Vogt  Andreas Paxian  Heiko Paeth 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,117(1-2):257-275

The behaviour of precipitation and maximum temperature extremes in the Mediterranean area under climate change conditions is analysed in the present study. In this context, the ability of synoptic downscaling techniques in combination with extreme value statistics for dealing with extremes is investigated. Analyses are based upon a set of long-term station time series in the whole Mediterranean area. At first, a station-specific ensemble approach for model validation was developed which includes (1) the downscaling of daily precipitation and maximum temperature values from the large-scale atmospheric circulation via analogue method and (2) the fitting of extremes by generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Model uncertainties are quantified as confidence intervals derived from the ensemble distributions of GPD-related return values and described by a new metric called “ratio of overlapping”. Model performance for extreme precipitation is highest in winter, whereas the best models for maximum temperature extremes are set up in autumn. Valid models are applied to a 30-year period at the end of the twenty-first century (2070–2099) by means of ECHAM5/MPI-OM general circulation model data for IPCC SRES B1 scenario. The most distinctive future changes are observed in autumn in terms of a strong reduction of precipitation extremes in Northwest Iberia and the Northern Central Mediterranean area as well as a simultaneous distinct increase of maximum temperature extremes in Southwestern Iberia and the Central and Southeastern Mediterranean regions. These signals are checked for changes in the underlying dynamical processes using extreme-related circulation classifications. The most important finding connected to future changes of precipitation extremes in the Northwestern Mediterranean area is a reduction of southerly displaced deep North Atlantic cyclones in 2070–2099 as associated with a strengthened North Atlantic Oscillation. Thus, the here estimated future changes of extreme precipitation are in line with the discourse about the influence of North Atlantic circulation variability on the changing climate in Europe.  相似文献   

Cold-season soil respiration in response to grazing and warming in High-Arctic Svalbard     

Ditte Strebel  Bo Elberling  Elke Morgner  Heike E. Knicker  & Elisabeth J. Cooper 《Polar research》2010,29(1):46-57

The influence of goose grazing intensity and open-topped chambers (OTCs) on near-surface quantities and qualities of soil organic carbon (SOC) was evaluated in wet and mesic ecosystems in Svalbard. This study followed up a field experiment carried out in 2003–05 (part of the project Fragility of Arctic Goose Habitat: Impacts of Land Use, Conservation and Elevated Temperatures). New measurements of soil CO₂ effluxes, temperatures and water contents were regularly made from July to November 2007. SOC stocks were quantified, and the reactivity and composition measured by basal soil respiration (BSR) and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results reveal variations in soil carbon cycling, with significant seasonal trends controlled by temperature, water content and snow. Experimental warming (OTCs) increased near-surface temperatures in the growing season, resulting in significantly higher CO₂ effluxes. Different grazing intensities had no significant effects on observed soil respiration, but BSR rates at the mesic site (13–23 µg CO₂ g soil-C⁻¹ h⁻¹) were highest with moderate grazing and lowest in the absence of grazing. A limited effect of grazing on microbial respiration is consistent with a lack of significant differences in SOC quantity and quality. NMR data show that the composition of A-horizon SOC is dominated by O-N-alkyl C and alkyl C groups, and less by carboxyl C and aromatic C groups: but again no marked variation in response to grazing was evident. It can be concluded that two years after a goose grazing experiment, SOC cycling was less than the natural variation within contrasting vegetation types.  相似文献   

Sorption of Organophosphate Flame Retardants on Pahokee Peat Soil          下载免费PDF全文

Chunli Zheng  Shanshan Feng  Pingping Liu  Elke Fries  Qiaorui Wang  Zhenxing Shen  Hongxia Liu  Tiancheng Zhang 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(9):1163-1173

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Screening of Microalgae for Feasible Mass Production in Industrial Hypersaline Wastewater Using Disposable Bioreactors     

Sebastian Menke  Anne Sennhenn  Jörg‐H. Sachse  Elke Majewski  Bernhard Huchzermeyer  Thomas Rath 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(12):1401-1407

Ten algae species were analyzed by comparing their growth in specific hypersaline industrial wastewater. It was a by‐product of fertilizer production which was released by K + S Aktiengesellschaft, Germany. Due to processing, brine water contains a high amount of salts ( 200 g L^?1). A successful algal biotechnology mainly depends on choosing and screening the adequate algae for a specific application along with the design of optimal culture conditions with comparable photo bioreactor technologies. Therefore, a high throughput screening technology was developed. In comparison to glass flasks or flat panel reactors this system was eligible for screening applications because of disposable characteristics and the equability of each culture tube. Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis tetrathele, and Nannochloropsis salina grew in the presence of hypersaline wastewater where T. tetrathele grew best to a wastewater concentration of 75% by salt shock experiments. D. salina tolerates a wastewater level up to 80% by gradual increase. Intracellular ion contents of lyophilized algae samples were measured. They feature special transporter to either exclude ions, i.e., sodium from the cell, or to include ions like potassium and magnesium in order to secure functionality of sensitive enzymes. Under saline stress conditions these transport systems as well as metabolic pathways leading to the production of compatible osmolytes could be induced. Stress tolerance mechanisms developed in initially unstressed culture either by stepwise adaptation or by shock exposure to harsh salt condition. For this reason a feasible mass production in industrial hypersaline wastewater was possible.  相似文献   

Value of perfect ENSO phase predictions for agriculture: evaluating the impact of land tenure and decision objectives     

David Letson  Carlos E. Laciana  Federico E. Bert  Elke U. Weber  Richard W. Katz  Xavier I. Gonzalez  Guillermo P. Podestá 《Climatic change》2009,97(1-2):145-170

In many places, predictions of regional climate variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon offer the potential to improve farmers’ decision outcomes, by mitigating the negative impacts of adverse conditions or by taking advantage of favorable conditions. While the notion that climate forecasts are potentially valuable has been established, questions of when they may be more or less valuable have proven harder to resolve. Using simulations, we estimate the expected value of seasonal climate information under alternative assumptions about (a) land tenure (ownership vs. short-term leases) and (b) the decision maker’s objective function (expected utility vs. prospect theory value function maximization), employing a full range of plausible parameter values for each objective function. This allows us to show the extent to which the value of information depends on risk preferences, loss aversion, wealth levels and expectations, as well as situational constraints. Our results demonstrate in a non-laboratory decision context that, in some cases, psychologically plausible deviations from expected utility maximization can lead to substantial differences in estimates of the expected value of climate forecasts. Efforts to foster effective use of climate information and forecasts in agriculture must be grounded in a firm understanding of the goals, objectives and constraints of decision makers.  相似文献   

Verhältnis von Faltentektonik und Metamorphose alter Eisenerzlager zu ihrer Eigenmagnetisierung     

Dr. D. Vogelsang 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1962,51(2):450-456

Zusammenfassung Bei geomagnetischen Untersuchungsarbeiten an silurischen und algonkischen Eisenerzlagerstätten in Nordwest-Spanien und in Oberägypten wurden regional einheitlich ausgerichtete remanente Magnetisierungen festgestellt. Die Eisenerze sind sedimentären Ursprungs. Ihre Faltentektonik und der wechselnde Grad der Metamorphose weisen keine Beziehungen zu den remanenten Magnetisierungsrichtungen auf. Es wird deshalb angenommen, daß diese Eigenmagnetisierungen nach der Faltung auf dem Wege der Thermoremanenz bei der Intrusion benachbarter Granitmassive entstanden sind.Die Inklinationen der remanenten Magnetisierungen weichen nach ersten orientierenden Meßergebnissen in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten nur unwesentlich von der rezenten Inklination des Erdfeldes ab.Die Frage, ob hier Erdfeldrichtungen der geologischen Vergangenheit überliefert worden sind, kann auf Grund der bisher durchgeführten physikalischen Untersuchungen noch nicht endgültig beantwortet werden.Für die Erlaubnis zur Veröffentlichung dieser Untersuchungsergebnisse danke ich der Firma Fried. Krupp Rohstoffe. Den Herren Prof. Dr. G.Angenheister und Prof. Dr. R.Brinkmann schulde ich besonderen Dank für anregende Diskussionen.  相似文献