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An empirical method for design of grouted bolts in rock tunnels based on the Geological Strength Index (GSI) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The procedure presented in this paper has been developed for the design of grouted rock bolts in rock tunnels during preliminary design stage. The proposed approach provides a step-by-step procedure to set up a series of practical guidelines for optimum pattern of rock bolting in a variety of rock mass qualities. For this purpose, a new formula for the estimation of the rock load (support pressure) is recommended. Due to its wide-spread acceptance in the field of rock engineering, the Geological Strength Index (GSI) is adopted in support pressure equation. For poor and very poor rock mass where the GSI < 27, the use of Modified-GSI is, instead, recommended. The supporting action is assumed to be provided by rock bolts carrying a total load defined by the rock load height. The mechanism of bolting is assumed to rely on roof arch forming and suspension principle. Integrated with support pressure function, the bolt density parameter is modified in order to provide an optimized bolt pattern for any shape of tunnel. The modified bolt density can also be used in analysis of a reinforced tunnel in terms of Ground Reaction Curve (GRC) in such a way as to evaluate the reinforced rock mass and the tunnel convergence. By doing so, the effectiveness of the bolting pattern is well evaluated. The proposed approach based on GSI is believed to overcome constrains and limitations of existing empirical bolt design methods based on RMR or Q-system, which are doubtful in poor rock mass usage. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by the stability analysis and bolt design of a rail-road tunnel in Turkey. 相似文献
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Ufuk Hancilar Issa El-Hussain Karin Sesetyan Ahmed Deif Eser Cakti Ghazi Al-Rawas Erdal Safak Khalifa Al-Jabri 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(3):1419-1432
Little Andaman, the fourth largest island in the Andaman group of islands of India, was severely affected by the December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean tsunami generated by massive earthquake of moment magnitude 9.3 Mw which devastated the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands causing heavy damage to life and property. Due to hostile terrain conditions not much information was available on the extent of inundation and run-up along the island except for Hut Bay region. In order to study the vulnerability of the island to tsunami hazard, the inundation in the island due to the 2004 tsunami was studied using TUNAMI N2 numerical model and ENVISAT ASAR datasets. The extent of inundation derived from the SAR imagery was compared using the RTK-GPS field survey points collected in the Hut Bay regions immediately after the 2004 tsunami. The extent of inundation obtained from SAR images for the entire island was compared with inundation obtained from model. It was observed that the inundation obtained from the model matched well with inundation extent from SAR imagery for nearshore regions, while for low-lying areas and creeks large deviations were observed. In the absence of field datasets, the inundation derived from SAR imagery would be effective in providing ground data to validate the numerical models which can then be run for multiple scenarios for disaster mitigation and planning operation in areas that have hostile terrain conditions. 相似文献
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This paper presents the variations of vibration under different traffic conditions on the Fatih Sultan Mehmet suspension bridge in Istanbul, Turkey.The main intention is to determine the vibration amplifications under heavy-traffic as opposed to no-traffic conditions. This is the first study in this particular area that has been performed on this bridge, over which an average of 200,000 cars pass daily. Two full-scale ambient vibration surveys were carried out on two different days to determine the response of the bridge to diverse traffic conditions. Initial measurements were taken as the bridge experienced heavy stress conditions caused by rush-hour traffic. Secondary measurements were recorded after closing the bridge to traffic. The data were analyzed to gauge the vibration effects of heavy-traffic conditions on the bridge and to determine the effects of different traffic conditions on the free vibration characteristics of the bridge. The analyses were performed utilizing different amplification methods. Results show that there are important differences in the amplifications of the vibration amplitudes. Especially heavy-traffic on the bridge causes the vibration response of the bridge to be intensified in comparison to no-traffic conditions. Additionally, predominant frequencies are shifted as a direct result of traffic load acting on the bridge. Even more importantly and is probably analogous for all long-span bridges, is the fact that any movement causing vibration on the bridge is carried and amplified along its length. These significant amplifications indicate the important effect of varying traffic loads and how the bridge responds to the diverse movements it experiences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Spectral information for wind-waves in the Black Sea is extremely limited. Knowledge on spectral characteristics of wind-waves would contribute to scientific, engineering, and operational coastal and marine activities in the Black Sea, and would allow a better understanding of the nature of the waves occurring in this enclosed basin. Frequency spectra obtained from the directional buoys deployed offshore Sinop and Hopa in Turkey, and Gelendzhik in Russia were utilized as the three sets of data to investigate characteristics of wind-waves frequency spectra for the Eastern Black Sea. Records were firstly analyzed to identify them as uni-modal or multi-modal spectra. Single-peaked spectra were then identified as belonging to fully arisen or developing sea states. Parameters of the JONSWAP and PM model spectra were estimated for the corresponding sea state by using a least square error method. Finally, the records of developing seas were further analyzed to select the ones belonging to stable wind conditions. ECMWF analysis wind fields were utilized as the wind information corresponding to the wave records. Fetch dependencies of non-dimensional spectral variables (variance and peak frequency) and α parameter of the JONSWAP model spectrum were investigated for this data sub-set. 相似文献
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Baki Varol Erdal Koşun Neslihan Ünal Pinar Korhan Ayranci 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(5):1068-1078
This paper is the first study of pyritized mudstones (PM) in the Permian–Triassic (P–T) boundary section of the Çürük Da? (Taurus, Antalya Nappes, Turkey). The mudstones were generally formed as lensoidal-shaped layers or infill materials within nodular platform limestones (hardground). Normal marine fauna is diminished in the pyritized limestones, whereas tube-like microorganisms are apparently increased with the association of pyrite crystals consisting of both framboidal and cubic crystals. The total rock volumes are up to 50–60% clay minerals and are mainly made up of in situ kaolinite and subordinate mixed layer clays (illite–vermiculite). Kaolinite preferentially developed on feldspar crystals, sometimes covering ostracoda bivalves together with gypsum micronodules composed of fan-shaped gypsum crystals. The origin of the kaolinite is, in situ, directly related to feldspar dissolution via heterotrophic bacteria. Thus, kaolinite is found along with bacterial structures. Other mineralogical compositions include established quartz (mostly β-quartz), gypsum crystals (100–200 μm) glauconite and magnetite. Magnetite grains comprise a minor amount (1–2%) and show some bacterial-induced crystal orientations. Glauconite is formed as an accessory mineral that occurs as infill material in biogenic grains. On the other hand, some microspheres represented by a silica-dominated composition are only observed in scanning electron microscopes (SEM) studies under high magnification. Isotope values (d34S) obtained from the pyritized mudstones show an isotopic heterogeneity that suggests that the pyritized mudstone consists of at least two components, with different sulphur-concentrations and d34S values. 相似文献
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Strengthening foundations of seismically weak buildings on sandy soils in Denizli,Turkey 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Erdal Akyol 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(5):1415-1421
Rare earth elements (REE) have been extensively used to indicate for material provenance since they behave conservatively and mainly transport in particulate form during earth surface processes. Nevertheless, the application of REE for material provenance study has to be cautious because grain size and mineral fractionations can alter bulk compositions of weathered sediments. Central Asia is one of the most important dust source regions globally and numerous studies on REE compositions of surface materials have been conducted. In this study, REE compositions of various materials from this area are summarized to explore the existing REE-related problems. Overall, chondrite-normalized REE patterns for many surface materials are so uniform that they cannot serve as reliable approaches in tracing material source regions. In contrast, great variations of REE compositions occur among different materials that are derived even from the same parent rock due to influences of grain-size distributions and heavy minerals. For the same reason, small-scale loess around the Tibetan Plateau has different upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized REE patterns compared to those of typical loess. Therefore, great cautions should be made when UCC-normalized REE patterns and REE ratios are utilized to investigate material provenance. Finally, some suggestions are proposed for such studies in future. 相似文献
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Aquatic plants are used as a practical and effective method to remove toxic metals from secondary-treated municipal wastewater. In this study, Lemna gibba was investigated for its capacity to remove silver (Ag) and gold (Au) from secondary effluents. L. gibba was collected from a natural lake and then acclimatized to the effluent in situ. The concentration of toxic elements in the plant material was monitored as a function of time over 7 days. L. gibba accumulated significant amounts of Ag and Au for six days from initiation of the experimental study. The highest accumulations were 2303% for Ag and 247% for Au. However, after six days, the rate of Ag and Au accumulation in L. gibba declined, as saturation levels had been reached in the plant tissues. The metal accumulating property of L. gibba can also be commercially exploited to recover Au and Ag from wastewater and mining wastes. 相似文献
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