Der Nachweis der Standsicherheit von Hohlraumbauten     

Ernst Kurzmann 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1979,12(2):137-162

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Geochemistry of the shawmere anorthosite complex,kapuskasing structural zone,Ontario     

E. Craig Simmons  Gilbert N. Hanson  S.B. Lumbers 《Precambrian Research》1980,11(1):43-71

The Archean Shawmere Anorthosite Complex, at the southern end of the Kapuskasing Structural Zone, consists dominantly of anorthosite (An_{65 –85}) with minor gabbroic and ultramafic units, which are completely enclosed and cut by tonalites. Both the anorthosites and the tonalites are themselves cut by narrow dikes of gabbroic anorthosite. All of the rocks have undergone high grade metamorphism and are recrystallized so that few igneous textures remain.The anorthosites, gabbros and ultramafic rocks of this complex are cumulates which contain calcic plagioclase (An_65–95) and have atomic Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) ratios (Mg#) greater than 0.6; less than 3 ppm Rb; 150–210 ppm Sr; and less than 60 ppm Ba. REE abundanees range from 0.2 to 10 times chondritic and exhibit both light-enriched and light-depleted REE patterns. The lower Mg^# for the samples having more enriched light REE indicates substantial fractions of ferromagnesian minerals crystallized in addition to plagioclase during fractional crystallization, suggesting that the parent magma was basaltic, and not anorthositic. The ranges in Sr, Ba and REE abundances required for the magmas are typical of those for tholeiitic basalts from Archean greenstone belts. Thus the Shawmere Anorthosite Complex may represent cumulates of a crustal-level magma chamber which could have been the immediate source of basic Archean volcanics.One gabbroic anorthositic dike sample has a steeply fractionalted REE pattern with heavy REE abundances less than chondrites and a large positive Eu anomaly. The proposed interpretations is that this rock formed by partial melting of mafic cumulates, perhaps those of the Shawmere Anorthosite Complex itself.  相似文献   

Non-explosive,constructional evolution of the ice-filled caldera at Volcán Sollipulli,Chile     

J. S. Gilbert  M. V. Stasiuk  S. J. Lane  C. R. Adam  M. D. Murphy  R. S. J. Sparks  J. A. Naranjo 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(1):67-83

 A radar and gravity survey of the ice-filled caldera at Volcán Sollipulli, Chile, indicates that the intra-caldera ice has a thickness of up to 650 m in its central part and that the caldera harbours a minimum of 6 km³ of ice. Reconnaissance geological observations show that the volcano has erupted compositions ranging from olivine basalt to dacite and have identified five distinct volcanic units in the caldera walls. Pre- or syn-caldera collapse deposits (the Sharkfin pyroclastic unit) comprise a sequence which evolved from subglacial to subaerial facies. Post-caldera collapse products, which crop out along 17 of the 20 km length of the caldera wall, were erupted almost exclusively along the caldera margins in the presence of a large body of intra-caldera ice. The Alpehué crater, formed by an explosive eruption between 2960 and 2780 a. BP, in the southwest part of the caldera is shown to post date formation of the caldera. Sollipulli lacks voluminous silicic pyroclastic rocks associated with caldera formation and the collapse structure does not appear to be a consequence of a large-magnitude explosive eruption. Instead, lateral magma movement at depth resulting in emptying of the magma chamber may have generated the caldera. The radar and gravity data show that the central part of the caldera floor is flat but, within a few hundred metres of the caldera walls, the floor has a stepped topography with relatively low-density rock bodies beneath the ice in this region. This, coupled with the fact that most of the post-caldera eruptions have taken place along the caldera walls, implies that the caldera has been substantially modified by subglacial marginal eruptions. Sollipulli caldera has evolved from a collapse to a constructional feature with intra-caldera ice playing a major role. The post-caldera eruptions have resulted in an increase in height of the walls and concomitant deepening of the caldera with time. Received: 12 June 1995 / Accepted: 7 December 1995  相似文献   

Geochemical subdivision and correlation of clay-rich beds in Turonian sediments of northern Germany     

David S. Wray  Christopher J. Wood  Gundolf Ernst  Ulrich Kaplan 《地学学报》1996,8(6):603-610

Thin, clay-rich beds form a key component of the lithostratigraphic scheme established for Middle and Upper Turonian sediments in northern Germany. Previously, using limited petrographic evidence, clay-rich beds across much of this region have been classified as either containing altered volcanic ash (bentonites) or detrital clays. This paper demonstrates that the use of rare-earth element (REE) data enables a rapid and reliable subdivision of clay-rich beds into those composed of bentonitic clays and those composed of detrital clays. Application of this method to the Lower Saxony region of northern Germany demonstrates that four bentonites (T_C T_di, T_e and T_f) and a number of detrital beds can be reliably identified and correlated. Three beds previously proposed to be bentonites are reinterpreted as being composed of detrital clays (T_o, T_D2 and T_G) and a revision of the stratigraphic nomenclature is proposed. Analysis of clay-rich beds from the Munster Basin demonstrates that it is possible to correlate individual bentonites and detrital beds between Lower Saxony and the Miinster Basin, and between shallow and deep water facies.  相似文献   

Normal fault displacement dislocating a Roman aqueduct of Ephesos,western Turkey     

Cees W. Passchier  Gilbert Wiplinger  Talip Güngör  Paul Kessener  Gül Sürmelihindi 《地学学报》2013,25(4):292-297

A 38‐km‐long ancient aqueduct channel that served Roman Ephesos, Turkey was dislocated vertically over 3 m by a single seismic event on a normal fault. A new channel was constructed downstream from the fault in Roman times, next to and partly on top of the original channel. Archaeological investigations and study of carbonate deposits suggest a causative seismic event in the second half of the second century CE, probably in 178 CE, after the original channel had functioned for <35 years. The ?çme Tepe fault was identified as responsible for the displacement and may still constitute a seismic and tsunami hazard for the Turkish west coast, specifically for the city of Ku?adas?. Ancient aqueducts, of which more than 1400 are presently known, are a promising and almost untapped archive for archaeoseismic studies, especially in the Mediterranean area.  相似文献   

THE SOCIETY AND THE DISCIPLINE*     

Gilbert M. Grosvenor 《The Professional geographer》1984,36(4):413-418

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Rare earth element mobility in the Roffna Gneiss,Switzerland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Robert D. Vocke Jr.  Gilbert N. Hanson  Marc Grünenfelder 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1987,95(2):145-154

The Roffna Gneiss, a deformed Hercynian granite porphyry within the Penninic nappes of eastern Switzerland, underwent extreme cataclasis with the progressive development of phengite towards the margins of the nappe under conditions of the glaucophane schist to greenschist facies. This resulted in the selective mobilization of major and trace elements over distances of 10's to 100's of meters and the resetting of the Rb — Sr whole rock isotopic systems some 100 my ago. The component ratios and compositionvolume relationships of progressively deformed gneiss samples studied here suggest that this process was essentially isovolumetric. The mineralogy of the deformation sequence appears to have been controlled by a reaction involving the breakdown of microcline, albite and biotite and the formation of phengite and quartz. The fluids introduced Mg and H₂O, promoting the development of phengite, and removed the Na being released by the breakdown of albite. The fluids were most probably derived from the surrounding Triassic carbonates and quartzites. These relatively high fO₂ and carbonate rich fluids also introduced rare earth elements (REE) into the gneiss. The gneiss was progressively enriched in Eu up to 60%, Y up to 40%, and Yb up to 100%. These enrichments are associated with the development of epitaxial xenotime around zircon in the most phengite-rich sample. While the REE were mobile, uranium and thorium were essentially immobile. The formation of xenotime was suggested to explain the observed heavy REE enrichment when large differences in the REE contents were found for replicate analyses using HF and then lithium metaborate for dissolution. These differences arose because xenotime, like monazite, can be difficult (if not impossible) to dissolve in hydrofluoric acid. Due to the possibility of incomplete sample dissolution, we now recommend fusion with lithium metaborate for all REE, Lu — Hf or Sm — Nd studies.  相似文献   

Pogo and Pangaea     

Herbert Frey  Robert Langel  Gilbert Mead  Keith Brown 《Tectonophysics》1983,95(3-4)

Long wavelength magnetic anomalies of crustal origin derived from the POGO and MAGSAT satellite data often display a strong continuity across the now-rifted continental margins when the continents are reassembled into Pangaea. These anomalies predate the breakup of the supercontinent and represent major blocks whose crustal properties are broadly similar even though those blocks are no longer contiguous.  相似文献   

Comparison of the structures of humic substances from aquatic and terrestrial sources by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry     

M.A. Wilson  R.P. Philp  A.H. Gillam  T.D. Gilbert  K.R. Tate 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(3):497-502

Four humic extracts isolated from terrestrial, mahne, plankton and freshwater sources have been investigated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show that substantial quantities of phenols (some not derived from lignin), pyrroles and nitrites (derived from proteins, nucleic acids or porphyrins) are decomposition products. Small amounts of furans (derived from carbohydrates) and unsaturated ketones (derived from polycarboxylic aliphatic acids) are also present. The results illustrate how parent material, transport factors and biological activity affect the composition of humic extracts.  相似文献   

CO₂-poor composition of the fluid attending Franciscan and Sanbagawa low-grade metamorphism     

W.G Ernst 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1972

Previous phase equilibrium and oxygen isotopic researches on the high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks of the Franciscan and Sanbagawa blueschist type terranes have demonstrated the near ubiquity of a fluid at high (≈ total) pressure and its oxygen-rich nature during metamorphism. The coexistence of quartz with a CaCO₃ polymorph instead of wollastonite, and of sphene rather than rutile + quartz + calcium carbonate in these rocks places narrow, rather low limits on the partial pressures of CO₂, as computed in this note; equilibrium calculations indicate that the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the fluid must have been less than about 0.04 in the Sanbagawa terrane and less than 0.01 in the Franciscan terrane. The rocks are not sulfated or strongly oxidized, hence the only other likely component which could comprise the balance of this phase is H₂O. Evidently metamorphism in the Sanbagawa belt and particularly in the Franciscan terrane must have taken place in the presence of a highly aqueous fluid.  相似文献