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991.
A. Rimša L. Johansson M. J. Whitehouse 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(3):357-369
We present high spatial resolution ion-microprobe U–Th–Pb geochronology and rare earth element (REE) data combined with cathodoluminescence (CL) and back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging for complex zircons in incipient charnockites from Söndrum, SW Sweden. Examination of closely paired samples across the dehydration zone demonstrates that incipient charnockite formation at Söndrum is a zircon-forming process. We determined the age of the dehydration event (i.e. charnockitisation) to 1,397 ± 4 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.7). This is the first successful attempt to date incipient charnockite formation using U–Pb systematics of zircon. Internal structure, chemical and isotopic characteristics of zircon indicate that the granitic pegmatite in the core of the incipient charnockite is a melting zone. Commonly observed bulk rock HREE depletion in incipient charnockites is not caused by zircon dissolution but by involvement of garnet as a reactant in the dehydration reactions. Moreover, REE patterns of the newly formed zircon are HREE-enriched, indicating non-concurrent growth and suggesting that the degree of charnockite depletion in HREE might be controlled by the volume of newly formed zircon. 相似文献
992.
Sea level measurements along the southeastern Brazilian coast, between 20° S and 30° S, show the effect of the Sumatra Tsunami
of December 26, 2004. Two records from stations, one located inside an estuary and other inside a bay, shows oscillations
of about 0.20 m range; one additional record from a station facing the open sea shows up to 1.2 m range oscillations. These
oscillations have around 45 min period, starting 20–22 h after the Sumatra earthquake in the Indian Ocean (00:59 UTC) and
lasting for 2 days. A computer modelling of the event reproduces the time of arrival of long shallow-water tsunami waves at
the southeastern Brazilian coast but with slight longer period and amplitudes smaller than observed at the coast, probably
due to its coarse resolution (1/4 of a degree). The high amplitudes observed at the coast suggest a mechanism of amplification
of these waves over the southeastern Brazilian shelf. 相似文献
993.
François Faure Pierre Schiano Gilles Trolliard Christian Nicollet Bernard Soulestin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,153(4):405-416
Dynamic crystallization experiments in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) system have been used to investigate the change in crystal shape when pre-existing polyhedral olivine crystals are
cooled rapidly (1,639–2,182°C/h). Polyhedral olivines are crystallized initially in a first step using a slow cooling rate
(2°C/h), then skeletal and dendritic overgrowths develop on the polyhedral crystals during a subsequent fast cooling event.
During this second episode small dendritic olivines also nucleate within the liquid phase. Observation of the experimental
sample by optical microscopy shows that the polyhedral olivine shape progressively changes to a skeletal and then to a dendritic
morphology in the following sequence: polyhedral ⇒ hopper polyhedral ⇒ dendritic polyhedral. This evolutional sequence is
discussed in terms of changes in the crystal growth conditions during cooling and a general relation between these olivine
dynamic crystallization experiments and the integrated model of crystal growth by Sunagawa (Bull Minér 104:81–87, 1981, Morphology of crystals, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, 1987) is proposed. 相似文献
994.
I. Blanco-García M. Rodas C. J. Sánchez J. Alonso-Azcárate 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(6):1097-1115
This work presents the main characteristics of 97 quarry wastes, collected in 23 gravel pits, from the Jarama river area, Madrid province, Spain. In this area, more than 2.5 × 106 ton of silty-clay waste are generated every year, and no applications have as yet been defined for them. This work is the first systematic study of the fine fractions generated from the Jarama river quaternary deposits, playing part in the comprehension of this complex terrace systems. Quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, calcite, and complex mixtures of phyllosilicates, such as smectite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layer, have been detected. Two sets of waste which are recognized according to the calcite content, have been directly related with the terrace level beneficed in the Jarama river, and the position along the valley. Calcite concentrates in the wastes produced in the lower course, where Henares and Tajuña tributaries promote an extensive change in the geochemistry of underground water, and locally, in the petrology of quarried conglomerates. This clear distinction by location between calcite-bearing and calcite-free wastes is essential for potential applications, such as soil conditioning, raw materials for brick or tiles, etc. The wastes studied can be considered as a potential source of industrial raw materials because of their uniformity and large volume. This suggestion is now being carried out, with an attempt at assessing the possibilities of using these mining wastes as ceramic raw materials. 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
V. González-Quiñones A. de la Torre M. P. García A. Polo R. Jiménez-Ballesta 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(3):527-531
In the region of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), over half of the soils are under cropping. This vast agricultural activity, combined
with other anthropological uses, has led to a deterioration of the soil quality and virtual degradation. Therefore, it was
deemed to assess the quality of these soils, which was achieved by applying two different methods. Three soils, representative
of typical conditions in this community, were sampled and diverse properties were analysed in order to apply two different
approaches. The first soil evaluation was carried out by a traditional method developed by FAO using a productivity index,
whereas the second method consisted of the application of a new method called SINDI, developed in New Zealand. Both approaches
make an evaluation based on a number of indicators that differs in each case. These differences explain why each method ranked
the soils studied in different order reaching diverse conclusions on their quality. 相似文献
998.
Carlos M. Duarte Núria Marbà Dorte Krause-Jensen María Sánchez-Camacho 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(4):652-656
The power of equations predicting seagrass depth limit (Zc) from light extinction (K
z) was tested on data on seagrass depth limits collected from the literature. The test data set comprised 424 reports of seagrass
colonization depth and water transparency, including data for 10 seagrass species. This data set confirmed the strong negative
relationship betweenZ
c andK
z. The regression equation in Duarte (1991) overestimated the realized seagrass colonization depths at colonization depths
< 5 m, while there was no prediction bias above this threshold. These results indicated that seagrass colonizing turbid waters
(K
z 0.27 m-1) have higher apparent light requirements than those growing in clearer waters. The relationship between seagrass colonization
depth and light attenuation shifts at a threshold of light attenuation of 0.27 m-1, requiring separate equations to predictZ
c for seagrass growing in more turbid waters and clearer waters, and to set targets for seagrass restoration and conservation
efforts. 相似文献
999.
The paper analyses the causes of flood occurrence in the Gran La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, and the changes
that have occurred since the 1970s. The area is characterized by serious deficiencies in the use and management of water resources.
The main factors are: (1) flood risk information is not updated; (2) urban building organization does not consider the flood
risk; (3) the topography and other physical features are not taken into account in urban development. This research considers
some specific problems, especially in data availability, and suggests ways to solve them, including improved analytical methodology.
One of the main objectives is to analyse flood risk in social terms, producing a map of flood risk from the “human social
vulnerability” point of view. The results suggest that flood risk has increased since the 1980s and that this is associated
with changes in precipitation patterns that have also been aggravated by lack of controls on urban development. The poorer
areas with the lowest level of infrastructure and public services, many of them developed over the last quarter-century, are
especially vulnerable. 相似文献
1000.
Jasquelin Peña Owen W. Duckworth Garrison Sposito 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(23):5661-5671
That microbial siderophores may be mediators of Mn(III) biogeochemistry is suggested by recent studies showing that these well known Fe(III)-chelating ligands form very stable Mn(III) aqueous complexes. In this study, we examine the influence of desferrioxamine B (DFOB), a trihydroxamate siderophore, on the dissolution of hausmannite, a mixed valence Mn(II, III) oxide found in soils and freshwater sediments. Batch dissolution experiments were conducted both in the absence (pH 4-9) and in the presence of 100 μM DFOB (pH 5-9). In the absence of the ligand, there is a sharp decrease in the extent of proton-promoted dissolution above pH 5 and no appreciable dissolution above pH 8. The resulting aqueous Mn2+ activities were in good agreement with previous studies, indirectly supporting the accepted two-step mechanism involving the formation of manganite and reprecipitation of hausmannite. Desferrioxamine B enhanced hausmannite dissolution over the entire pH range investigated, both via the formation of a Mn(III) complex and through surface-catalyzed reductive dissolution. Above pH 8, non-reductive ligand-promoted dissolution dominated, whereas below pH 8, dissolution was non-stoichiometric with respect to DFOB. Concurrent proton-promoted, ligand-promoted, reductive, and induced dissolution was observed, with Mn release by either reductive or induced dissolution increasing linearly with decreasing pH. The fast kinetics of the DFOB-promoted dissolution of hausmannite, as compared to iron oxides, suggest that the siderophore-promoted dissolution of Mn(III)-bearing minerals may compete with the siderophore-promoted dissolution of Fe(III)-bearing minerals. 相似文献