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11.
This article explores the impacts of floods on the economy, environment, and society and tries to clarify the rural community’s
coping mechanism to flood disasters in Central Viet Nam. It focuses on the social aspects of flood risk perception that shapes
the responses to floods. The research findings revealed that flooding is an essential element for a coastal population, whose
livelihood depend on productive functions of cyclical floods. The findings also revealed that floods, causing losses and damages,
often inhibited economic development. The surveyed communities appeared to have evolved coping mechanisms to reduce the negative
impacts of the floods, yet these coping mechanisms are under pressure due to environmental degradation. Integrated flood risk
management is considered as a suitable paradigm for coping with flood disasters.
相似文献
Phong TranEmail: |
12.
The Bayesian approach to significance testing, that makes use of prior information, has been studied in the last years, particularly
to allow the detection of deformations which are small with respect to measurement errors from repeated surveys. Some investigations
showed up to now that, under particular conditions concerning both the parameters of the prior distribution and the structure
of the control network, Bayesian tests give stronger results than tests based on the frequentist approach, with regard to
the detectability of deformations. In the present paper, after illustrating the essential developments and the most relevant
results of previous works, new analytical developments and numerical simulations are carried out, to illustrate some critical
aspects and advantages of the frequentist and Bayesian methods. It is shown, starting from simple examples involving only
Gaussian and truncated Gaussian distributions and from a simplified formulation of the prior deformation model, that the testing
procedures based on the frequentist approach, which do not introduce any a priori information, are in many cases of practical
interest insensitive to internal consistencies of the displacements (e.g., to the fact that they have a common direction).
It is also illustrated that the introduction of prior information, even in a non Bayesian context, more easily allows the
detection of little displacements. Besides it is noted that in some cases Bayesian tests detect displacements in the presence
of observed non-coherent movements, even if prior probability densities describing coherent movements are introduced. 相似文献
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Paula M. Carreira José M. Marques M. Rosário Carvalho Giorgio Capasso Fausto Grassa 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2010,189(1-2):49-56
Na–HCO3–CO2-rich thermomineral waters issue in the N of Portugal, within the Galicia-Trás-os-Montes region, linked to a major NNE-trending fault, the so-called Penacova-Régua-Verin megalineament. Along this tectonic structure different occurrences of CO2-rich thermomineral waters are found: Chaves hot waters (67 °C) and also several cold (16.1 °C) CO2-rich waters. The δ2H and δ18O values of the thermomineral waters are similar to those of the local meteoric waters. The chemical composition of both hot and cold mineral waters suggests that water–rock reactions are mainly controlled by the amount of dissolved CO2 (g) rather than by the water temperature. Stable carbon isotope data indicate an external CO2 inorganic origin for the gas. δ13CCO2 values ranging between ? 7.2‰ and ? 5.1‰ are consistent with a two-component mixture between crustal and mantle-derived CO2. Such an assumption is supported by the 3He/4He ratios measured in the gas phase, are between 0.89 and 2.68 times the atmospheric ratio (Ra). These ratios which are higher than that those expected for a pure crustal origin (≈ 0.02 Ra), indicating that 10 to 30% of the He has originated from the upper mantle. Release of deep-seated fluids having a mantle-derived component in a region without recent volcanic activity indicates that extensive neo-tectonic structures originating during the Alpine Orogeny are still active (i.e., the Chaves Depression). 相似文献
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J.W. BeemanF. Bellini L. Cardani N. Casali I. DafineiS. Di Domizio F. Ferroni F. OrioG. Pessina S. PirroC. Tomei M. Vignati 《Astroparticle Physics》2012,35(9):558-562
TeO2 crystals have proven to be superb bolometers for the search of neutrinoless double beta decay in many respects. However, if used alone, they do not exhibit any feature that allows to discriminate an α energy deposit from a β/γ one. This fact limits their ability to reject the background due to natural radioactivity and eventually affects the sensitivity of the search. In this paper we show the results of a TeO2 crystal where, in coincidence with its bolometric heat signal, also the luminescence light escaping the crystal is recorded. The results show that we are able to measure the light produced by β/γ particles, which can be explained as due to Cerenkov emission. No light is detected from α particles, allowing the rejection of this background source. 相似文献
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Development and testing of a physically based,three-dimensional model of surface and subsurface hydrology 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marco Bittelli Fausto Tomei Alberto Pistocchi Markus Flury Jan Boll Erin S. Brooks Gabriele Antolini 《Advances in water resources》2010
We present a numerical, catchment-scale model that solves flow equations of surface and subsurface flow in a three-dimensional domain. Surface flow is described by the two-dimensional parabolic approximation of the St. Venant equation, using Manning’s equation of motion; subsurface flow is described by the three-dimensional Richards’ equation for the unsaturated zone and by three-dimensional Darcy’s law for the saturated zone, using an integrated finite difference formulation. The hydrological component is a dynamic link library implemented within a comprehensive model which simulates surface energy, radiation budget, snow melt, potential evapotranspiration, plant development and plant water uptake. We tested the model by comparing distributed and integrated three-dimensional simulated and observed perched water depth (PWD), stream flow data, and soil water contents for a small catchment. Additional tests were performed for the snow melting algorithm as well as the different hydrological processes involved. The model successfully described the water balance and its components as evidenced by good agreement between measured and modelled data. 相似文献
20.
Annette Witt Bruce D. Malamud Mauro Rossi Fausto Guzzetti Silvia Peruccacci 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(10):1138-1156
This paper examines temporal correlations and temporal clustering of a proxy historical landslide time series, 2255 reported landslides 1951–2002, for an area in the Emilia‐Romagna Region, Italy. Landslide intensity is measured by the number of reported landslides in a day (DL) and in an ‘event’ (Sevent) of consecutive days with landsliding. The non‐zero values in both time series DL and Sevent are unequally spaced in time, and have heavy‐tailed frequency‐size distributions. To examine temporal correlations, we use power‐spectral analysis (Lomb periodogram) and surrogate data analysis, confronting our original DL and Sevent time series with 1000 shuffled (uncorrelated) versions. We conclude that the landslide intensity series DL has strong temporal correlations and Sevent has likely temporal correlations. To examine temporal clustering in DL and Sevent, we consider extremes over different landslide intensity thresholds. We first examine the statistical distribution of interextreme occurrence times, τ, and find Weibull distributions with parameter γ << 1·0 [DL] and γ < 1·0 [Sevent]; thus DL and Sevent each have temporal correlations, but Sevent to a lesser degree. We next examine correlations between successive interextreme occurrence times, τ. Using autocorrelation analysis applied to τ, combined with surrogate data analysis, we find for DL linear correlations in τ, but for Sevent inconclusive results. However, using Kendall's rank correlation analysis we find for both DL and Sevent the series of τ are strongly correlated. Finally, we apply Fano Factor analysis, finding for both DL and Sevent the timings of extremes over a given threshold exhibit a fractal structure and are clustered in time. In this paper, we provide a framework for examining time series where the non‐zero values are strongly unequally spaced and heavy‐tailed, particularly important in the Earth Sciences due to their common occurrence, and find that landslide intensity time series exhibit temporal correlations and clustering. Many landslide models currently are designed under the assumption that landslides are uncorrelated in time, which we show is false. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献