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采用形式语言的方法,研究了移动地图制图的句法模型。剖析了移动地图制图的过程,将句法模型定位在制图的逻辑演算层面;结合地图表达的层次性和递归性特征,将移动地图制图的句法结构抽象为"制图词汇+句法规则"的最简形式。在制图词汇方面,建立了制图词汇的分类体系,并重点对空间关系谓词系统进行了建模;在句法规则方面,描述了句法操作规则和不同层次的句法单位描述规则。探讨了句法模型的编译流程和关键技术,并通过试验对移动地图制图句法模型的可行性进行了验证。句法模型的本质是一种使用有限规则和词汇动态生成不同地图表达形式的形式语言语法,可作为一种高阶的人机交互制图接口。 相似文献
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Gully morphological characteristics in the loess hilly‐gully region based on 3D laser scanning technique 
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下载免费PDF全文 Gully morphology characteristics can be used effectively to describe the status of gully development. The Chabagou watershed, located in the hilly‐gully region of the Loess Plateau in China, was selected to investigate gully morphological characteristics using a 3D laser scanning technique (LIDAR). Thirty‐one representative gullies located at different watershed locations and gully orders were chosen to quantitatively describe gully morphology and establish empirical equations for estimating gully volume based on gully length and gully surface area. Images and point cloud data for the 31 gullies were collected, and digital elevation models (DEMs) with 10‐cm resolution were generated. ArcGIS 10.1 was then used to extract fundamental gully morphological parameters covering gully length (L), gully width (WT) and gully depth (D), and some derivative morphological parameters, including gully head curvature (C), gully width–depth ratio (w/d), gully bottom‐to‐top width ratio (WB/WT), gully surface area (Ag) and gully volume (Vg). The results indicated that gullies in the upper watershed and the second order were more developed based on their high values of gully head curvature. The potential for gully development increased from the second order to the fourth order. Within the same gully orders, gullies in the lower watershed were more active with more development potential. A method for differentiating between gully head and gully sidewalls based on the gully head curvature value was proposed with a mean relative error of 8.77%. U‐shaped cross‐sections were widely distributed in the upper watershed and upper positions of a gully, while V‐shaped cross‐sections were widely distributed in the lower watershed and lower positions of a gully. V–L and V–Ag empirical equations with acceptable accuracy were established and can be used to estimate gully erosion in the Loess hilly‐gully region. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Response of soil detachment rate to the hydraulic parameters of concentrated flow on steep loessial slopes on the Loess Plateau of China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Using hydraulic parameters is essential for describing soil detachment and developing physically based erosion prediction models. Many hydraulic parameters have been used, but the one that performs the best for describing soil detachment on steep slopes when the lateral expansion (widening) of rills is not limited has not been identified. An indoor concentrated flow scouring experiment was performed on steep loessial slopes to investigate soil detachment rates for different flow rates and slope gradients. The experiments were conducted on a slope‐adjustable plot (5 m length, 1 m width, 0.5 m depth). Sixteen combinations of 4 flow rates (10, 15, 20, and 25 L/min) and 4 slope gradients (17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4%, and 46.6%) were investigated. The individual and combined effects of slope gradient and flow hydraulic parameters on soil detachment rate were analysed. The results indicated that soil detachment rate increased with flow rate and slope gradient. Soil detachment rate varied linearly and exponentially with flow rate and slope gradient, respectively. Multivariate, nonlinear regression analysis indicated that flow depth exerted the greatest influence on the soil detachment rate, followed by unit discharge per unit width, slope gradient, and flow rate in this study. Shear stress and stream power could efficiently describe the soil detachment rate using a power equation. However, the unit stream power and unit energy of the water‐carrying section changed linearly with soil detachment rate. Stream power was an optimal hydraulic parameter for describing soil detachment. These findings improve our understanding of concentrated flow erosion on steep loessial slopes. 相似文献
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矩形Cartogram作为一种同时表达拓扑及数据属性的面域Cartogram,因其表达内容简单、直观的特点,具有较大的潜力。矩形Cartogram尝试用简单的矩形表示复杂地理所具有的拓扑及数据属性,这两个属性在其自动构建过程中往往是矛盾的,因此产生了很多截然不同的构造方法。对其自动构建方法进行研究,有助于地理信息与统计数据融合方法的探索。本文首先简要介绍了矩形Cartogram的研究背景、研究现状及其意义;归纳了矩形Cartogram的特点与评价标准,进而分析了两类构造矩形Cartogram的典型算法,总结了自动构建算法难点;最后探讨了现有矩形Cartogram研究存在的问题,并对其发展方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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基于LMDZ（Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-Zoom）模型的模拟数据、NCEP/ NCAR格点气象数据和北极涛动指数（Arctic Oscillation Index,AOI),验证了LMDZ模型在蒙古高原的适用性,分析了局地大气水线（Local Meteoric Water Line,LMWL）、降水中δ18O与环境因子的关系,探索了降水中δ18O、氘盈余（d-excess）的时空变化,并结合HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model)模型对蒙古高原气团运输轨迹进行了模拟。结果表明：在LMDZ模型的2种结果中,LMDZ-nudged模拟蒙古高原降水稳定同位素效果较好;计算得到的蒙古高原LMWL为δD=7.78δ18O+3.31(R2=0.995),其斜率和截距均小于全球大气水线( Global Meteoric Water Line,GMWL)斜率和截距,表明该区域雨滴下落中受云下二次蒸发影响较大;降水中δ18O夏高冬低,与温度、北极涛动指数呈正相关,而与相对湿度呈负相关。降水中d-excess呈现夏低冬高的特点;对蒙古高原后向轨迹追踪并对其进行聚类分析发现,研究区主要有3条水汽路径：西风带水汽（约88.39%）、东亚季风水汽（约5.73%）与极地水汽（约5.88%）,其中西风带水汽为主控水汽。 相似文献
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Chi-hua HUANG Fenli ZHENG 《国际泥沙研究》2005,20(4):350-357
During the past 50 years, many research efforts have been invested in understanding soil erosion process and development of erosion prediction models at various scales. This paper briefly introduces the erosion process and prediction model development in the USA. Especially, this paper focuses on discussing potential impacts of the erosion process on erosion model development, and future directions of the soil erosion process research and process- based model development. 1 DEVELOPMENT O… 相似文献
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Guofeng Zhu Dahe Qin Yuanfeng Liu Fenli Chen Pengfei Hu Dongdong Chen Kai Wang 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(1-2):353-362
Accurate, high-resolution precipitation data is important for hydrological applications and water resource management, particularly within mountainous areas about which data is presently scarce. The goal of the this study was to assess the accuracy of TRMM 3B43 precipitation data from the southwest monsoon region of China between 1998 and 2011 based on the correlation coefficients, regression, and geostatistical methods. We found a strong correlation between TRMM 3B43 data and observational data obtained from meteorological stations, but the TRMM 3B43 precipitation data was consistently lower than that obtained from the weather stations. The TRMM 3B43 data was significantly different from the data obtained by weather stations located in the northwest and northeast regions of the Hengduan Mountains. The spatial distribution of precipitation obtained from TRMM 3B43 was also different from meteorological data, but the deviation was predominantly distributed along the northern longitude and southern latitude. In addition, the TRMM data more accurately reflected the regional precipitation patterns. Our results indicate that the TRMM 3B43 data should be used for hydrological applications and water resource management at meteorological stations that have a sparse and uneven distribution of observation stations in the southwest monsoon region.
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