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1 INTRODUCTION Soil erosion at the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau has obvious vertical erosion zones from watershed boundary to gully edge, i.e., sheet erosion-dominated zone, rill erosion-dominated zone and shallow gully erosion-dominated zone, from top to bottom (Chen et al., 1988). Meanwhile, upslope runoff and sediment have a significant impact on the downslope erosion process. But with the limits of research methods,there is not much data to quantify upslope runoff and sedi… 相似文献
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针对地标显著度计算存在的因子不全、赋权主观的问题,提出了一种利用虚拟地理试验构建地标显著度模型的方法。以城市地标显著度模型求解为例,分析了地标视觉显著度影响因子（简称为视觉因子）及计算方法,构建了一种综合眼动追踪、视觉因子可控和可计算的虚拟试验环境。开展了眼动指标与地标显著度之间的关系求解试验,建立起二者的定量关系模型。以该模型为基础,开展了地标视觉显著度与视觉因子间定量关系的求解试验,通过试验数据拟合得到最终的地标视觉显著度模型公式。本文方法的核心是：在视觉因子可控可计算的虚拟环境中,使用眼动指标表征显著度值,通过地标认知试验及数据分析拟合得到显著度模型。该方法对于研究地标判别这类人与环境相互作用机制的问题具有独特的优势,可降低研究的复杂度,克服研究结果的难复现性。 相似文献
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由非专业弱关联影像自动化构建的三维地理空间模型是地理空间信息的重要来源。非专业弱关联影像在三维重建后必须经过地理配准,具有了绝对地理空间坐标系的位置信息及其准确的空间精度信息后,才有可能成为有效的地理空间信息。本文提出了一种以相机GPS模块获取的地理空间坐标为依据的理配准方法,依据影像的地理空间坐标和其三维重建后得到图像空间坐标的空间相似性,考虑GPS实时测量坐标精度较差和高程测量值不稳定的特点,采用RANSAC方法求解二维和三维两种空间变换参数及地理配准结果。利用差分GPS测量的影像位置数据对地理配准的精度进行了分析,给出了位移、旋转和缩放等误差的定量评估结果,分析了产生错误结果的原因。这种地理配准方法对数据采集设备要求低,过程无须人工参与。试验证明,在参与地理配准运算的照片数量较多时,配准结果正确、空间精度较高。 相似文献
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作为新一代地理分析工具,虚拟地理环境对于增强人类地理认知、分析解决地理问题方面具有显著优势。目前虚拟地理环境的基本框架、实现技术均有较多论述与成果。但在虚拟地理环境的认知研究方面尚缺乏有效指导。为提高虚拟地理环境构建的科学性,本文通过对虚拟地理环境现有概念的分析,提出从系统论角度进行虚拟地理环境认知研究的观点;并对虚拟地理环境的认知与地理认知、地图认知等相近概念进行了对比分析。从现实环境与虚拟环境间的相似性入手建立了虚拟地理环境的认知研究框架,该框架从思维相似、感觉相似、几何相似、特性相似和离散相似5个方面探讨了虚拟地理环境认知研究目前的着眼点,并将思维相似作为虚拟地理环境认知研究的重点与难点。该框架将虚拟地理环境的认知问题置于一个更广泛背景中进行研究,一方面体现了虚拟地理环境所具有的地理实验研究新平台的作用,另一方面重点强调了人的作用,对深入开展虚拟地理环境的研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
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利用高精度GPS动态监测沟蚀发育过程 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于5次连续模拟降雨试验对坡面沟蚀发育过程的模拟和ArcGis9.0空间分析功能,利用高精度GPS动态监测坡面沟蚀发育过程,估算沟蚀发育不同阶段的侵蚀量,分析误差产生的原因及提高精度的途径.结果表明,在高精度GPS测量生成的沟蚀发育不同阶段的5期图像上展现的侵蚀形态与实拍相片完全一一对应,完美反映了坡面侵蚀形态的空间分布及其变化.高精度GPS测量能很好地估算坡面侵蚀量,侵蚀量估算值与实测值之间的误差随沟蚀形态的发育而逐渐减少,5次测量估算的侵蚀量平均误差为7.38%.GPS测量过程中所产生的误差可以通过划分统一测量区域,适当增加测量点,特别是增加对沟壁和沟床的测量点及后期数据处理进行纠正. 相似文献
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Headcut formation and migration was sometimes mistaken as the result of overland flow, without realizing that the headcut was formed and being influenced by flow through soil pipes into the headcut. To determine the effects of the soil pipe and flow through a soil pipe on headcut migration in loessic soils, laboratory experiments were conducted under free drainage conditions and conditions of a perched water table. Soil beds with a 3-cm deep initial headcut were formed in a flume with a 1.5-cm diameter soil pipe 15 cm below the bed surface. Overland flow and flow into the soil pipe was applied at a constant rate of 68 and 1 l min−1 at the upper end of the flume. The headcut migration rate and sediment concentrations in both surface (channel) and subsurface (soil pipe) flows were measured with time. The typical response was the formation of a headcut that extended in depth until an equilibrium scour hole was established, at which time the headcut migrated upslope. Pipeflow caused erosion inside the soil pipe at the same time that runoff was causing a scour hole to deepen and migrate. When the headcut extended to the depth of the soil pipe, surface runoff entering the scour hole interacted with flow from the soil pipe also entering the scour hole. This interaction dramatically altered the headcut processes and greatly accelerated the headcut migration rates and sediment concentrations. Conditions in which a perched water table provided seepage into the soil pipe, in addition to pipeflow, increased the sediment concentration by 42% and the headcut migration rate by 47% compared with pipeflow under free drainage conditions. The time that overland flow converged with subsurface flow was advanced under seepage conditions by 2.3 and 5.0 min compared with free drainage conditions. This study confirmed that pipeflow dramatically accelerates headcut migration, especially under conditions of shallow perched water tables, and highlights the importance of understanding these processes in headcut migration processes. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The role of soil surface water regimes and raindrop impact on hillslope soil erosion and nutrient losses 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Juan An Fenli Zheng Mathias J. M. Römkens Guifang Li Qingsen Yang Leilei Wen Bin Wang 《Natural Hazards》2013,67(2):411-430
Few investigations have addressed the interaction between soil surface water regimes and raindrop impact on nutrient losses, especially under artesian seepage condition. A simulation study was conducted to examine the effects on nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Four soil surface water regimes were designed: free drainage, saturation with rainfall, artesian seepage without rainfall, and artesian seepage with rainfall. These water regimes were subjected to two surface treatments: with and without raindrop impact through placing nylon net over soil pan. The results showed saturation and seepage with rainfall conditions induced greater soil loss and nutrient losses than free drainage condition. Nutrient concentrations in runoff from artesian seepage without rainfall condition were 7.3–228.7 times those from free drainage condition. Nutrient losses by runoff from saturation and seepage with rainfall conditions increased by factors of 1.30–9.38 and 2.81–40.11 times, and the corresponding losses with eroded sediment by 1.37–7.67 and 1.75–9.0 times, respectively, relative to those from free drainage condition. Regardless of different soil surface water regimes, raindrop impact increased 20.90–94.0 % nutrient losses with eroded sediment by promoting soil loss, but it only significantly enhanced nutrient transport to runoff under free drainage condition. 相似文献
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An investigation of moisture sources and secondary evaporation in Lanzhou,Northwest China 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Qian Ma Mingjun Zhang Shengjie Wang Qiong Wang Wenli Liu Fei Li Fenli Chen 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(8):3375-3385
The purpose of this study is to investigate the atmospheric water cycle in Lanzhou and surrounding areas, a place sensitive to climatic conditions and located in the vertex of the “Monsoon Triangle” of China; this study obtained 243 event-based precipitation samples from four stations in Lanzhou, Yongdeng, Yuzhong and Gaolan for 1 year from April 2011 to March 2012. The seasonal variations of δ 18O and d excess indicate that westerly water vapor, local moisture and summer monsoon all have an influence in this region on a large scale. The westerlies play a dominant role. However, the impact of monsoon moisture has a seasonal limitation, mainly during the period from June to early August. On a local scale, the transportation of moisture appears via two routes. The contribution rate of recycling moisture, over the region, is only 3.6 % on average due to the deficiency of water resource in arid and semi-arid land. Additionally, the effect of secondary evaporation has also been discussed, and the results show that relative humidity, temperature and precipitation amount have different impacts on the effect. However, the influence of precipitation amount is not obvious when the rainfall amount is below 10 mm, while the meteorological parameters of relative humidity and temperature play a significant role in that scope. 相似文献
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大兴安岭北部上其地区中生代花岗岩年代学、岩石地球化学特征及构造背景 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大兴安岭上其地区中生代花岗岩位于西伯利亚板块东南陆缘增生带中的乌尔其汉火山型被动陆缘与东乌旗-扎兰屯火山型被动陆缘接触带,该区构造研究可为大兴安岭的隆升研究提供信息。对研究区中生代花岗岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究,并对其构造背景进行了讨论。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,这些花岗岩主要形成于早侏罗世和晚侏罗世,修正了前人把测区二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩划归晚石炭世的观点。岩石化学特征表明,研究区花岗岩均属于碱性岩,具有高钾、硅饱和、准铝质-弱铝质岩石的特征;系列判别图解显示研究区早侏罗世花岗岩为I型花岗岩,晚侏罗世花岗岩为高分异I型花岗岩,形成于后造山或碰撞后的构造环境,代表了伸展的大地构造背景。 相似文献