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191.
We reconstruct the history of the cosmic star formation as well as the cosmic production of metals in the universe by means
of detailed chemical evolution models for galaxies of different morphological types. We consider a picture of coeval, non-interacting
evolving galaxies where ellipticals experience intense and rapid starbursts within the first Gyr after their formation, and
spirals and irregulars continue to form stars at lower rates up to the present time. We show that spirals are the main contributors
to the decline of the luminosity density in all bands between z=1 and z=0.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
192.
Francesco Marzari Stuart Weidenschilling 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2002,82(3):225-242
We examine the orbital evolution of planetesimals under the influence of Jupiter's perturbations and nebular gas drag, under the assumption that gas persisted in the asteroid region for some time after Jupiter attained its final mass. Two distinct mechanisms, associated with the 2 : 1 and 3 : 2 mean motion resonances, can excite eccentricities to high values, despite the damping effect of drag. If Jupiter's eccentricity was comparable to its present value, planetesimals can be temporarily trapped in the 2 : 1 resonance. Bodies crossing the 3 : 2 resonance can enter a region of phase space with overlapping high-order resonances. Both mechanisms can produce eccentricities greater than 0.5 for asteroid-sized planetesimals. The combination of resonant perturbations and drag causes secular decay of semimajor axes, resulting in migration of bodies from the outer to inner belt. Inclinations remain low, implying significant collisional evolution during this migration. Velocities of resonant bodies relative to the gas are highly supersonic; these would have been a source of shock waves in the solar nebula.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
193.
194.
We review the methodology adopted in computing chemical evolution models of galaxies of different morphological type (ellipticals,
spirals and irregulars). We discuss the importance of the history of star formation in different galaxies in order to interpret
the observed abundances. In particular, we discuss the time-delay model which allows us to interpret the observed abundance
patterns in galaxies as due to the different contributions of supernovae II and Ia. We show that the time-delay model applied
to galaxies of different morphological type predicts different [X/Fe] versus [Fe/H] relations in different galaxies. As a
consequence of this, these relations can be used to infer the nature and to date high redshift objects. Finally, we show our
predictions for the cosmic star formation rate. 相似文献
195.
Cannizzaro Francesco Castellazzi Giovanni Grillanda Nicola Pant Bartolomeo Petracca Massimo 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2022,20(4):2085-2114
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering - This paper aims at comparing the use of different software environments for the study of a simple unreinforced masonry building through nonlinear static... 相似文献
196.
Notti Davide Wrzesniak Aleksandra Dematteis Niccolò Lollino Piernicola Fazio Nunzio Luciano Zucca Francesco Giordan Daniele 《Landslides》2021,18(7):2341-2365
Landslides - In November 2016, an extreme rainfall event affected the Ligurian Alps (NW Italy). Consequently, several landslides and debris flows occurred in the upper Tanarello stream basin. In... 相似文献
197.
Acta Geotechnica - The assessment of the time evolution of the impact force exerted by dry flowing masses on rigid obstacles is mandatory for the dynamic design of sheltering structures and the... 相似文献
198.
The development of high resolution LiDAR digital terrain models (DTMs) has enabled the exploration of the statistical signature of morphology on curvature distributions. This work analyzes Minimum Curvature distributions to identify the statistical signature of two types of LiDAR‐DTM errors (outliers and striping artifacts) in the derived estimates, rather than morphology itself. The analysis shows the importance of modeling these errors correctly, in relation to the scale of analysis and DTM resolution, in order to have reliable curvature estimates. Nine DTMs of different morphological areas are considered, and grouped into a training dataset (without errors) and a test dataset (with errors). In the training dataset, the original DTMs are considered as true values; errors are then applied to these data. Minimum Curvature is computed at multiple scales from each DTM: changes in curvature distributions due only to morphology and scale are characterized from the original data; error effects are then identified from the datasets with simulated errors, and validated against the test dataset. The analysis shows that outliers and striping artifacts can be realistically simulated by heavily left tailed distributions. For DTMs without errors, the scale‐dependent change in curvature distribution is primarily controlled by real morphology. When DTMs include errors, curvature distributions become controlled by these errors, whose propagation depends on error distribution, error spatial correlation, and the scale of analysis. This study shows that the curvature distributions are impacted upon differently by striping artifacts and outliers, and that these are clearly distinguishable from the signal of morphological features: a scale‐dependent change in curvature distribution can therefore be interpreted as the signature of these specific errors, rather than morphology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
199.
Jacopo Cabassi Franco Tassi Orlando Vaselli Jens Fiebig Matteo Nocentini Francesco Capecchiacci Dmitri Rouwet Gabriele Bicocchi 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2013,75(1):1-19
This paper focuses on the chemical and isotopic features of dissolved gases (CH4 and CO2) from four meromictic lakes hosted in volcanic systems of Central–Southern Italy: Lake Albano (Alban Hills), Lake Averno (Phlegrean Fields), and Monticchio Grande and Piccolo lakes (Mt. Vulture). Deep waters in these lakes are characterized by the presence of a significant reservoir of extra-atmospheric dissolved gases mainly consisting of CH4 and CO2. The δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4 values of dissolved gas samples from the maximum depths of the investigated lakes (from ?66.8 to ?55.6?‰ V-PDB and from ?279 to ?195?‰ V-SMOW, respectively) suggest that CH4 is mainly produced by microbial activity. The δ13C-CO2 values of Lake Grande, Lake Piccolo, and Lake Albano (ranging from ?5.8 to ?0.4?‰ V-PDB) indicate a significant CO2 contribution from sublacustrine vents originating from (1) mantle degassing and (2) thermometamorphic reactions involving limestone, i.e., the same CO2 source feeding the regional thermal and cold CO2-rich fluid emissions. In contrast, the relatively low δ13C-CO2 values (from ?13.4 to ?8.2?‰ V-PDB) of Lake Averno indicate a prevalent organic CO2. Chemical and isotopic compositions of dissolved CO2 and CH4 at different depths are mainly depending on (1) CO2 inputs from external sources (hydrothermal and/or anthropogenic); (2) CO2–CH4 isotopic exchange; and (3) methanogenic and methanotrophic activity. In the epilimnion, vertical water mixing, free oxygen availability, and photosynthesis cause the dramatic decrease of both CO2 and CH4 concentrations. In the hypolimnion, where the δ13C-CO2 values progressively increase with depth and the δ13C-CH4 values show an opposite trend, biogenic CO2 production from CH4 using different electron donor species, such as sulfate, tend to counteract the methanogenesis process whose efficiency achieves its climax at the water–bottom sediment interface. Theoretical values, calculated on the basis of δ13C-CO2 values, and measured δ13CTDIC values are not consistent, indicating that CO2 and the main carbon-bearing ion species (HCO3 ?) are not in isotopic equilibrium, likely due to the fast kinetics of biochemical processes involving both CO2 and CH4. This study demonstrates that the vertical patterns of the CO2/CH4 ratio and of δ13C-CO2 and δ13C-CH4 are to be regarded as promising tools to detect perturbations, related to different causes, such as changes in the CO2 input from sublacustrine springs, that may affect aerobic and anaerobic layers of meromictic volcanic lakes. 相似文献
200.
Massimiliano Ghinassi Wojciech Nemec Mauro Aldinucci Slavomir Nehyba Volkan Özaksoy Francesco Fidolini 《Sedimentology》2014,61(4):952-977
The mode of channel‐bend transformation (i.e. expansion, translation, rotation or a combination thereof) has a direct bearing on the dimensions, shape, bedding architecture and connectivity of point‐bar sandstone bodies within a fluvial meander belt, but is generally difficult to recognize in vertical outcrops. This study demonstrates how the bend transformation mode and relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation can be deciphered from longitudinal outcrop sections aligned parallel to the meander‐belt axis, as a crucial methodological aid to the reconstruction of ancient fluvial systems and the development of outcrop analogue models for fluvial petroleum reservoirs. The study focuses on single‐storey and multi‐storey fluvial meander‐belt sandstone bodies in the Palaeogene piggyback Boyabat Basin of north‐central Turkey. The sandstone bodies are several hundred metres wide, 5 to 40 m thick and encased in muddy floodplain deposits. The individual channel‐belt storeys are 5 to 9 m thick and their transverse sections show lateral‐accretion bed packages representing point bars. Point bars in longitudinal sections are recognizable as broad mounds whose parts with downstream‐inclined, subhorizontal and upstream‐inclined bedding represent, respectively, the bar downstream, central and upstream parts. The inter‐bar channel thalweg is recognizable as the transition zone between adjacent point‐bar bedsets with opposing dip directions into or out of the outcrop section. The diverging or converging adjacent thalweg trajectories, or a trajectory migrating in up‐valley direction, indicate point‐bar broadening and hence channel‐bend expansion. A concurrent down‐valley migration of adjacent trajectories indicates channel‐bend translation. Bend rotation is recognizable from the replacement of a depositional riffle by an erosional pool zone or vice versa along the thalweg trajectory. The steepness of the thalweg trajectory reflects the relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation. This study discusses further how the late‐stage foreland tectonics, with its alternating pulses of uplift and subsidence and a progressive narrowing of the basin, has forced aggradation of fluvial channels and caused vertical stacking of meander belts. 相似文献