40Ar/39Ar and (U‐Th)/He model age signatures of elusive Mercurian and Venusian meteorites          下载免费PDF全文

Fred Jourdan  Ela Eroglu 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(5):884-905

No meteorites from Mercury and Venus have been conclusively identified so far. In this study, we develop an original approach based on extensive Monte Carlo simulations and diffusion models to explore the radiogenic argon (⁴⁰Ar*) and helium (⁴He*) loss behavior and the range of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and (U‐Th)/He age signatures expected for a range of crystals if meteorites from these planets were ever to be found. We show that we can accurately date the crystallization age of a meteorite from both Mercury and Venus using the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar technique on clinopyroxene (± orthopyroxene) and that its ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age should match the Pb‐Pb age. At the surface of Mercury, phases like albite and anorthite will exhibit a complete range of ⁴⁰Ar* loss ranging from 0% to 100%, whereas merrillite and apatite will show 100% ⁴He* loss. By measuring the crystal size and diffusion parameters of a series of plagioclase crystals, one can inverse the ⁴⁰Ar* loss value to estimate the maximum temperature experienced by a rock, and narrow down the possible pre‐ejection location of the meteorite at the surface of Mercury. At the surface of Venus, plagioclase and phosphate phases will only record the age of ejection. The (U‐Th)/He systematics of merrillite and apatite will be, respectively, moderately and strongly affected by ⁴He* loss during the transit of the meteorite from its host planet to Earth. Finally, meteorites from Mercury or Venus will each have their own ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and (U‐Th)/He isotopic age and ³⁸Ar_c cosmic ray exposure age signatures over a series of different crystal types, allowing to unambiguously recognize a meteorite for any of these two planets using radiogenic and cosmogenic noble gases.  相似文献   

What meta-analysis can tell us about vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification?     

S. Dupont  N. Dorey  M. Thorndyke 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Ocean acidification has been proposed as a major threat for marine biodiversity. Hendriks et al. [Hendriks, I.E., Duarte, C.M., Alvarez, M., 2010. Vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.022.] proposed an alternative view and suggested, based on a meta-analysis, that marine biota may be far more resistant to ocean acidification than hitherto believed. However, such a meta-analytical approach can mask more subtle features, for example differing sensitivities during the life-cycle of an organism. Using a similar metric on an echinoderm database, we show that key bottlenecks present in the life-cycle (e.g. larvae being more vulnerable than adults) and responsible for driving the whole species response may be hidden in a global meta-analysis. Our data illustrate that any ecological meta-analysis should be hypothesis driven, taking into account the complexity of biological systems, including all life-cycle stages and key biological processes. Available data allow us to conclude that near-future ocean acidification can/will have dramatic negative impact on some marine species, including echinoderms, with likely consequences at the ecosystem level.  相似文献   

Orbital scale vegetation change in Africa     

Lydie Dupont 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(25-26):3589-3602

Palynological records of Middle and Late Pleistocene marine sediments off African shores is reviewed in order to reveal long-term patterns of vegetation change during climate cycles. Whether the transport of pollen and spores from the source areas on the continent to the ocean floor is mainly by wind or predominantly by rivers depends on the region. Despite the differences in transportation, accumulation rates in the marine sediments decline exponentially with distance to the shore. The marine sediments provide well-dated records presenting the vegetation history of the main biomes of western and southern Africa. The extent of different biomes varied with the climate changes of the glacial interglacial cycle. The Mediterranean forest area expanded during interglacials, the northern Saharan desert during glacials, and the semi-desert area in between during the transitions. In the sub-Saharan mountains ericaceous scrubland spread mainly during glacials and the mountainous forest area often increased during intermediate periods. Savannahs extended or shifted to lower latitudes during glacials. While the representation of the tropical rain forest fluctuated with summer insolation and precession, that of the subtropical biomes showed more obliquity variability or followed the pattern of glacial and interglacials.  相似文献   

Influence des rejets atmosphériques d'anhydride sulfureux sur la qualité de l'eau des lacs de la région de Rouyn‐Noranda*     

J. Dupont 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):449-466

Résumé

En mars 1982, le ministère de l'Environnement du Québec a entrepris un échantillonnage physico‐chimique de 64 lacs de tête de la région de Rouyn‐Noranda. Les objectifs de l'étude étaient de déterminer la sensibilité des lacs de cette région et de délimiter l'aire d'influence de la plus importante source anthropique d'émission d'anhydride sulfureux au Québec.

Le traitement graphique et statistique des résultats, ainsi que l'application de modèles empiriques d'acidification ont permis de dégager les zones les plus vulnérables à l'acidification. L'application de ces techniques d'analyse a montré, entre autres, que les concentrations de sulfates en lac étaient beaucoup plus élevées à proximité de Rouyn‐Noranda où est située l'usine Mines Noranda Itée. De fait, la concentration de sulfates dans les lacs de cette région passe de 16 mg L^?1, aux alentours de Rouyn‐Noranda, à moins de 2 mg L^?1 en direction du nord‐est, alors qu'elle baisse à 8 mg L^?1 en bordure de la rivière des Outaouais. De plus, en faisant abstraction de la distribution en forme de cloche des concentrations de sulfates autour de Rouyn‐Noranda, l'étude a permis de faire ressortir la décroissance générale des sulfates du sud‐ouest vers le nord‐est.

Les points majeurs qui ressortent de cette étude sont la présence de lacs très acides à proximité de Rouyn‐Noranda et V extrême vulnérabilité des plans d'eau situés au sud et sud‐est de la ville. En effet, l'eau des lacs de la région du Témiscamingue est en général moins minéralisée et plus acide que celle des lacs au nord de cette région. Cette distinction est due à la nature géologique des substrats dans les bassins versants. Ainsi, les lacs sensibles à l'acidification sont principalement situés sur des bassins versants associés à des roches granitiques et gneissiques, comparativement aux roches volcaniques et aux dépôts d'argiles lacustres qui caractérisent les lacs aux eaux plus minéralisées.  相似文献   

Multilevel Slug Tests with Comparisons to Tracer Data     

Joel G. Melville  Fred J. Molz  Oktay Güven  Mark A. Widdowson 《Ground water》1991,29(6):897-907

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Study of the moist Convective Boundary Layer structure by backscattering lidar     

E. Dupont  J. Pelon  C. Flamant 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,69(1-2):1-25

Measurements of the structure of the Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) were made from the ground and from the ARAT aircraft with a backscattering lidar during the preliminary phase of the French project LEANDRE. A numerical model of Mie theory diffusion was used to determine a theoretical profile of the extinction coefficient, as a function of relative humidity. Comparisons between theoretical and measured profiles were made. Good agreement was found, which confirms that the variation of the extinction coefficient in the CBL is primarily controlled by the relative humidity. This paper also presents a detailed analysis of the small-scale structure of the CBL. The normalized length and number of thermals are estimated. Results are in agreement with previousin-situ measurements. An analysis of the bidimensional cross-section of the extinction coefficient shows that this coefficient permits one to retrieve more quantitative information than the range-corrected signal, as the fractions of entrained air and surface-layer air at a given altitude.  相似文献   

"WHY GADDAFI'S WELLS MAY RUN DRY"     

Fred Pearce 《Ground water》1985,23(2):256-257

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Performance and Analysis of Drillstem Tests in Small-Diameter Boreholes     

Fred Marinelli  Jerry W. Rowe 《Ground water》1985,23(3):367-376

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Explosive volcanism: Inception, evolution, and hazards: a contribution to: Studies in geophysics, francis R. Boyd, Jr., (panel chairman). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1984, xii + 166 pp., £stg 30.90 (hardcover)     

Fred M. Bullard 《Tectonophysics》1987,140(2-4):333-335

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Identification of Recharge Areas Using Geochemical Factor Analysis   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Fred W. Lawrence  Sam B. Upchurch 《Ground water》1982,20(6):680-687

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