Tetrads which are parallelpropagated along time-like geodesics in static spherically symmetric spce-times are constructed. Its connection with the geodesic precession is explained. Moreover, we express the solution of the equations of geodesic deviation in terms of the Killing vectors and the fourvelocity. 相似文献
The Harletz loess‐palaeosol sequence is located in northwestern Bulgaria and represents an important link between well‐studied loess sequences in eastern Romania and further sites to the west of the Carpathians (e.g. Serbia and Hungary). The aim of this study was to establish a chronostratigraphy of the deposits, using various methods of luminescence dating, together with basic stratigraphical field observations as well as magnetic properties. Luminescence dating was carried out using the quartz fine grain fraction and a SAR protocol, and the feldspar coarse grain fraction, applying the MET‐pIRIR protocol. Due to underestimation of the quartz fine grain fraction in the lower parts of the sequence, the resulting chronology is mainly based on the feldspar ages, which are derived from the stimulation temperature at 150 °C. A comparison with nearby sequences from Serbia, Hungary and Romania, and interpretations obtained through the stratigraphical and sedimentological signature of the sequence, supports the established chronology. Our data suggest that the prominent palaeosol (soil complex) in the upper quarter of the sequence was formed during MIS 5. It would follow that large parts of the Last Glacial loess overlying this palaeosol were probably eroded, and that the thick loess accumulation underlying this soil complex can be allocated to the penultimate glacial (MIS 6). A prominent MIS 6 tephra, which has been reported from other sequences in the area, is also present at Harletz. 相似文献
Based on former conceptual models of vulnerability, this paper aims to improve the quantitative model for regional vulnerability assessment by analyzing in-depth the relation between vulnerability, exposure, coping capacity, and resilience. Taking the mountain settlements in the upper reaches of Min River, China, as a case study, the method of Contributing Weight Superposition (CWS) is applied in establishing both a model and a system for the vulnerability assessment of elements at risk. The CWS approach consists of 13 index factors including population, economic and road densities, building and farmland coverage, hazard-affected areas, urbanization rate, and GDP per capita. Accordingly, a debris flow hazard vulnerability zoning map was obtained and the assessment results show that the distribution of high and comparatively high vulnerability zones, where economic activities are considerably high, has a close correlation to the topography of the catchment and population characteristics. The results thus may serve as a pertinent guidance for settlement relocation, population distribution readjustment, and management to prevent and reduce hazards in the upper reaches of Min River and beyond. 相似文献
Lineament extraction has long been performed through extensive field mapping. Recent advances in the field of remote sensing have made possible the availability of imageries from earth observation satellites with different Spatio-temporal resolutions, paving way for new automatic, semi-automatic, and manual techniques for the extraction of natural lineaments. The study focuses on the extraction of lineaments representing tectonic fault zones; the lineaments are extracted automatically and semi-automatically/manually. Results show that indirect information about the tectonic lineaments can be derived through automatic techniques whereas, the semi-automatic techniques are more effective to directly identify them. Detailed analyses of lineaments and landslides revealed that areas near lineaments, in general, experienced higher frequency of landslides. Moreover, it is also observed that lineaments are not the only factor that affects landslide density; other parameters like slope and lithology were also found to be the controlling factors in determining the spatial landslide distribution. Lastly, some recommendations have been made based on observations.
Borosilicate alteration is developed in many uranium-molybdenum-zinc deposits in volcanic piles such as at Novazza (Italy), Novoveska Huta (Slovakia), Ben Lomond (Queensland, Australia), the Saar-Nahe basin (Germany), the Shengyuan district (China), and at many deposits in Russia. These uranium-molybdenum-zinc deposits share similar styles of alteration with silver-gold-zinc deposits in volcanic rocks, like those of the Humboldt Range (Nevada, USA), the Basin district (Montana, USA) and Equity Mine (British Columbia, Canada). In thick volcanic piles, fluid-rock interaction commonly develops under the influence of convective hydrothermal systems. In borosilicate-bearing systems the alteration is characterized by changes in borosilicate mineralogy and chemistry under mesothermal conditions. Zonal distribution of different compositions of tourmaline can be observed including regular increases of alkali deficiency in the X(3a) site from peripheral (chlorite-epidote-prehnite) to internal (sericite and/or pyrophyllite) alteration zones. In the central part of these systems tourmaline is absent and the alteration assemblage is characterized by an andalusitedumortierite-quartz association. Such changes in mineral assemblage are related to an increase in temperature from 250 to 350–400 °C and to decreases in pH and Eh, from the outer toward the inner parts of the hydrothermal system. The zonation of the borosilicate-bearing alteration systems is similar to that of aluminosilicate-bearing hydrothermal systems (muscovite, pyrophyllite, andalusite) developed in volcanic rocks. A kaolinite-alunitejasperoid assemblage is generally associated with the borosilicate alteration, and seems related to a late hydrothermal phase mainly located in graben structures. 相似文献
We present the results of a finite-element modelling study of pull-apart basin formation related to left-stepping left lateral strike-slip faults. The modelling quantifies the relationship between fault geometry (i.e., fault overlap and separation) and pull-apart basin formation. Two depocentres (subbasins) separated by a broad zone of relative uplift in between may develop if the strike-slip domain is characterized by fault underlap. For overlapping faults migration of the subbasins is predicted by the models. Deep subbasins in a large area of subsidence which spans the entire inner fault zone may form if fault overlap is about three times the fault separation.
The models suggest that a topographic asymmetry within the fault zone may arise due to a different displacement ratio of the strike-slip faults. The modelling results show that this asymmetry in topography becomes more pronounced towards the more active fault. Thus, basin deepening occurs progressively towards the fault characterized by the largest amount of lateral displacement. Moreover, the results indicate that the smaller the fault separation (less than basin length) the less pronounced the topographic asymmetry.
The models provide quantitative estimates for the effects of changes in elastic material properties, the magnitude of the compressive far-field stress and the coefficient of friction of the faults on the resulting topography.
Comparison of the modelling results with field observations from the Cerro Blanco-El Barranquete (CBB) subbasin located in the Internal Zone of the Betic Cordillera, southeastern Spain support an interpretation in which the interplay of major faults has formed the CBB subbasin. 相似文献
The previously published results of a deep seismic refraction study of the Dead Sea—Gulf of Elat rift show crustal thinning underneath the rift and the presence of a 5 km thick velocity transition zone in the lower crust along the rift. The structural interpretation of the first-arrival data was revised using the detailed velocity-depth distribution.The revised crustal thicknesses are 35 km near Elat and 27 km, 160 km south of Elat.The crustal thinning and the presence of the velocity transition zone are interpreted as being the result of intrusion of upper mantle material into the lower crust, possibly representing the initial shape of the processes which have been active further south in the Red Sea since earlier times. 相似文献
The recent acquisition of high-quality seismic refraction data in the Jordan—Dead Sea rift and adjacent areas has made possible the investigation of the dynamic properties of seismic P-waves refracted and reflected at the crust—upper mantle boundary.
These waves cause high-amplitude arrivals near the outer cusp of the travel-time curve which are followed by an abrupt decrease in amplitudes at increasing distances beyond the cusp.
It has been shown that such amplitude distributions can only be the result of a smooth rapid increase of velocity with depth. In the case of the Jordan—Dead Sea rift the amplitude distribution indicates the presence of a transition zone between the lower crust and upper mantle in which the velocity increases smoothly. The interpretation of seismic refraction data in the Rhinegraben indicates the existence of a similar transition zone. In both rifts the crust—mantle boundary outside the rift is represented by sharp velocity discontinuity.
The comparison of the velocity structure of the crust—upper mantle boundary suggests that a smooth transition zone at the base of the lower crust is a characteristic property of continental rifts which could be interpreted in terms of crust—mantle interaction. 相似文献
The first observations of molybdenite in a meteorite have been made in two CaAl-rich inclusions in the Allende chondrite. The mineral occurs as single individuals completely enclosed in high Ni metal (62–64.5 wt. % Ni). The association with refractories is consistent with thermodynamic calculations which predict that Mo is a high temperature condensate even when nucleation constraints are imposed on the formation of a metal phase. Kinetic factors (including nucleation constraints) appear to have played an important role in the formation of molybdenite and the associated sulfides, magnetite and high nickel metal. 相似文献
