A new hydro-mechanical model for bentonite resaturation applied to the SEALEX experiments     

K. E. Thatcher  A. E. Bond  P. Robinson  C. McDermott  A. P. Fraser Harris  S. Norris 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(11):974

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Place Perception and Social Interaction on an Exurban Landscape in Central Colorado*   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Soren C. Larsen  Curt Sorenson  Dave McDermott  Joshua Long  Chris Post 《The Professional geographer》2007,59(4):421-433

An assumption commonly made in research on exurbanization is that the subdivision of land ownership necessarily creates a socially divisive landscape devoid of shared place perceptions and concerns. This article presents the results of an ethnography project undertaken in a former Colorado ranching valley that is currently exurbanizing. The study revealed not only the emergence of social networks and groups among new residents, but also the presence of distinct themes in place perception and assessment within these assemblages. In particular, the results indicated that concerns about natural hazards and environmental limitations have motivated new residents to interact with one another.  相似文献   

Insights from experimental economics on local cooperation in a small-scale fishery management system     

Shankar Aswani  Georgina G. Gurney  Sara Mulville  Jaime Matera  Michael Gurven 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1402-1409

Cooperation is central to collective management of small-scale fisheries management, including marine protected areas. Thus an understanding of the factors influencing stakeholders’ propensity to cooperate to achieve shared benefits is essential to accomplishing successful collective fisheries management. In this paper we study stakeholders’ cooperative behavioral disposition and elucidate the role of various socio-economic factors in influencing it in the Roviana Lagoon, Western Solomon Islands. We employed a Public Goods Game from experimental economics tailored to mimic the problem of common pool fisheries management to elucidate peoples’ cooperative behavior. Using Ostrom's framework for analyzing social-ecological systems to guide our analysis, we examined how individual-scale variables (e.g., age, education, family size, ethnicity, occupational status, personal norms), in the context of village-scale variables (e.g., village, governance institutions, group coercive action), influence cooperative behavior, as indexed by game contribution. Ostrom's framework provides an effective window for conceptually peeling back the various socio-economic and governance layers which influence cooperation within these communities. The results of our research show that the most important resource user characteristics influencing cooperative behavior were age, occupation and beliefs about giving access to others to fish for commercial gain. Through elucidating the factors affecting stakeholders’ propensity to cooperate to achieve shared benefits, our analysis provides guidance in understanding cooperation in relation to collective management of marine resources.  相似文献   

Groundwater flood of a river terrace in southwest Wisconsin,USA     

Madeline B. Gotkowitz  John W. Attig  Thomas McDermott 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(6):1421-1432

Intense rainstorms in 2008 resulted in wide-spread flooding across the Midwestern United States. In Wisconsin, floodwater inundated a 17.7-km² area on an outwash terrace, 7.5 m above the mapped floodplain of the Wisconsin River. Surface-water runoff initiated the flooding, but results of field investigation and modeling indicate that rapid water-table rise and groundwater inundation caused the long-lasting flood far from the riparian floodplain. Local geologic and geomorphic features of the landscape lead to spatial variability in runoff and recharge to the unconfined sand and gravel aquifer, and regional hydrogeologic conditions increased groundwater discharge from the deep bedrock aquifer to the river valley. Although reports of extreme cases of groundwater flooding are uncommon, this occurrence had significant economic and social costs. Local, state and federal officials required hydrologic analysis to support emergency management and long-term flood mitigation strategies. Rapid, sustained water-table rise and the resultant flooding of this high-permeability aquifer illustrate a significant aspect of groundwater system response to an extreme precipitation event. Comprehensive land-use planning should encompass the potential for water-table rise and groundwater flooding in a variety of hydrogeologic settings, as future changes in climate may impact recharge and the water-table elevation.  相似文献   

Alkyl amides in two organic-rich anoxic sediments: A possible new abiotic route for N sequestration     

Georgina A. McKee 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(22):6436-6450

Fixed nitrogen (N) plays an integral role in global cycling; while most is recycled to refuel primary productivity, a small fraction escapes to be preserved and stabilised in sediments. Despite decades of research, the functionality and reactivity of this sequestered organic N has been poorly understood. This study was undertaken to shed light on this problem by characterising the bulk sediment organic matter using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), followed by molecular level analysis using ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). We studied two organic-rich anaerobic sediments, one from a freshwater system and another from a marine paralic basin. Mangrove Lake, Bermuda (marine) and Mud Lake, Florida (freshwater) have been shown in past studies to contain high levels of N-containing organic matter. Our resulting multidimensional NMR data suggests the existence of a new type of amide functionality in both these lake sediments, and we investigated this further using FT-ICR-MS and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). FT-ICR-MS confirmed the existence of homologous series of CHNO containing compounds, whose structures are verified using GC-MS as alkyl amides. Model reactions involving naturally occurring esters and ammonia suggest the source of alkyl amides to be amidation of esters with sedimentary ammonia derived from anaerobic degradation of organic matter. This expands upon previous hypotheses for preservation of amide containing compounds that call upon biological/abiological protection of proteins and peptides or the formation of refractory nitrogenous adducts.  相似文献   

Galaxy pairs in the 2dF survey – II. Effects of interactions on star formation in groups and clusters     

M. Sol Alonso  Patricia B. Tissera  Georgina Coldwell  Diego G. Lambas 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,352(3):1081-1088

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Star formation in quasar and active galaxy environments     

Georgina V. Coldwell  Diego G. Lambas† 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,344(1):156-160

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Experimental investigation into the sealing capability of naturally fractured shale caprocks to supercritical carbon dioxide flow     

K. Edlmann  S. Haszeldine  C. I. McDermott 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(7):3393-3409

Geological storage of CO₂ is considered a solution for reducing the excess CO₂ released into the atmosphere. Low permeability caprocks physically trap CO₂ injected into underlying porous reservoirs. Injection leads to increasing pore pressure and reduced effective stress, increasing the likelihood of exceeding the capillary entry pressure of the caprocks and of caprock fracturing. Assessing on how the different phases of CO₂ flow through caprock matrix and fractures is important for assessing CO₂ storage security. Fractures are considered to represent preferential flow paths in the caprock for the escape of CO₂. Here we present a new experimental rig which allows 38 mm diameter fractured caprock samples recovered from depths of up to 4 km to be exposed to supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) under in situ conditions of pressure, temperature and geochemistry. In contrast to expectations, the results indicate that scCO₂ will not flow through tight natural caprock fractures, even with a differential pressure across the fractured sample in excess of 51 MPa. However, below the critical point where CO₂ enters its gas phase, the CO₂ flows readily through the caprock fractures. This indicates the possibility of a critical threshold of fracture aperture size which controls CO₂ flow along the fracture.  相似文献   

Glacier retreat and landform production on an overdeepened glacier foreland: the debris‐charged glacial landsystem at Kvíárjökull,Iceland     

Georgina L. Bennett  David J. A. Evans 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(15):1584-1602

Glacier recession and landform development in a debris‐charged glacial landsystem characterized by an overdeepening is quantified using digital photogrammetry, digital elevation model (DEM) construction and mapping of the Icelandic glacier Kvíárjökull for the period 1945–2003. Melting of ice‐cores is recorded by surface lowering rates of 0·8 m yr^–1 (1945–1964), 0·3 m yr^–1 (1964–1980), 0·015 m yr^–1 (1980–1998) and 0·044 m yr^–1 (1998–2003). The distribution/preservation of pushed and stacked ice‐cored moraine complexes are determined by the location of the long‐term glacial drainage network in combination with retreat from the overdeepening, into which glacifluvial sediment is being directed and where debris‐rich ice masses are being reworked and replaced by esker networks produced in englacial meltwater pathways that bypassed the overdeepening and connected to outwash fans prograding over the snout. Recent accelerated retreat of Kvíárjökull, potentially due to increased mass balance sensitivity, has made the snout highly unstable, especially now that the overdeepening is being uncovered and the snout flooded by an expanding pro‐glacial, and partially supraglacial, lake. This case study indicates that thick sequences of debris‐charged basal ice/controlled moraine have a very low preservation potential but ice‐cored moraine complexes can develop into hummocky moraine belts in de‐glaciated terrains because they are related to the process of incremental stagnation, which at Kvíárjökull has involved periodic switches from transport‐dominant to ablation‐dominant conditions. Glacier recession is therefore recorded temporally and spatially by two suites of landforms relating to two phases of landform production which are likely typical for glaciers occupying overdeepenings: an early phase of active, temperate recession recorded by push moraines and lateral moraines and unconfined pro‐glacial meltwater drainage; and a later phase of incremental stagnation and pitted outwash head development initiated by the increasing topographic constraints of the latero‐frontal moraine arc and the increasing importance of the overdeepening as a depo‐centre. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

‘Splendid rains have fallen’: links between El Niño and rainfall variability in the Kalahari, 1840–1900     

David J. Nash  Georgina H. Endfield 《Climatic change》2008,86(3-4):257-290

This study uses a range of published and unpublished historical documentary sources to explore the nature of rainfall variability in the Kalahari Desert and adjacent hardveld regions of central southern Africa during the seventeen Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes that occurred between 1840 and 1900. Documentary data are used in two ways. First, maps of relative annual rainfall levels are presented for each of the 12 single-year and five protracted ENSO episodes during the period, in order to identify the associated inter-annual rainfall variations. These suggest that the relationship between ENSO episodes and rainfall variability identified for the twentieth century, whereby warm events are frequently preceded by wetter conditions during the austral summer prior to the event year and succeeded by drought in the following summer, has broadly held for much of the last 160 years. This is despite the long-term fluctuations in precipitation and temperature which are known to have occurred over this period. Droughts are identified following at least thirteen of the 17 single-year and protracted ENSO episodes. Pre-ENSO wetter periods are less common, with only nine of the ENSO episodes preceded by above-normal rainfall. Second, the documentary data are analyzed in detail in order to reveal any evidence for high resolution intra-annual variations in the seasonal distribution of rainfall during ENSO events. Seasonal sequences of rainfall/drought appear to have closely followed contemporary patterns, with heavy rainfall commonly occurring late in the pre-ENSO year or early in the ENSO year(s), and drought at the start of the post-ENSO year. This relationship can be seen to hold most strongly for single-year ENSO warm events and for the first year of protracted events, but rainfall conditions were more variable during the later years of protracted events.  相似文献