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991.
The U.S. and U.K. literatures have discussed “food deserts,” reflecting populated, typically urban, low‐income areas with limited access to full‐service supermarkets. Less is known about supermarket accessibility within Canadian cities. This article uses the minimum distance and coverage methods to determine supermarket accessibility within the city of Edmonton, Canada, with a focus on high‐need and inner‐city neighborhoods. The results show that for 1999 both of these areas generally had higher accessibility than the remainder of the city, but six high‐need neighborhoods had poor supermarket accessibility. We conclude by examining potential reasons for differences in supermarket accessibility between Canadian, U.S., and U.K. cities. 相似文献
992.
C. Schnitchen D. J. Charman E. Magyari M. Braun I. Grigorszky B. Tóthmérész M. Molnár Zs. Szántó 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,36(1):1-17
Peatlands offer the potential for high resolution records of water balance over Holocene timescales, yet this potential is
under-exploited in many areas of the world. Within Europe, peatlands are mostly confined to areas north of 55° N, but several
areas of southern and eastern Europe contain small peatlands which may be suitable for palaeoclimatic reconstruction. In this
paper we test the potential of peatlands in the Carpathian region for deriving quantified estimates of water table changes
using testate amoebae analysis. A training set for palaeohydrological reconstruction from testate amoebae assemblages was
obtained by collecting surface samples from 13 peatlands, including 9 from Hungary and 4 from Transylvania (Romania). Using
a simple measure of mean annual water tables estimated from staining of PVC tape, we found that some peatlands were heavily
influenced by runoff and groundwater, and were therefore not suitable as modern analogues of ombrotrophic climatically sensitive
sites. The relationship between the testate amoebae assemblages in the modern samples and the environmental variables was
explored using CCA. The CCA biplot showed that the most important variables are depth to water table and moisture content,
confirming that hydrology is a key control on taxon distribution. pH was a secondary gradient. A transfer function for % moisture
and depth to water table was established and applied to fossil assemblages from a sequence from Fenyves-tető, Transylvania,
Romania. The reconstructed water table shows a number of variations which have parallels with other palaeoclimatic records
from Europe and the North Atlantic prominent phases of higher water tables are associated with the periods 8000–8300 cal BP,
3000–2500 cal BP and after 600 cal BP. We suggest that these were periods of particular intensification of westerly airflow
which affected eastern Europe as well as western and central Europe. 相似文献
993.
Boris P. Ilyashuk Andrei A. Andreev Anatoly A. Bobrov Vladimir E. Tumskoy Elena A. Ilyashuk 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(4):855-872
Chironomid, pollen, and rhizopod records from a permafrost sequence at Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago)
document the development of a thermokarst palaeo-lake and environmental conditions in the region during the last Interglacial
(MIS 5e). Open Poaceae and Artemisia associations dominated vegetation at the beginning of the interglacial period. Rare shrub thickets (Salix, Betula nana, Alnus fruticosa) grew in more protected and wetter places as well. Saalian ice wedges started to melt during this time, resulting in the
formation of an initial thermokarst water body. The high percentage of semi-aquatic chironomids suggests that a peatland-pool
initially existed at the site. A distinct decrease in semi-aquatic chironomid taxa and an increase in lacustrine ones point
to a gradual pooling of water in the basin, which could in turn induce thermokarst and create a permanent pond during the
subsequent period. The highest relative abundance of Chironomus and Procladius reflects unfrozen water remaining under the ice throughout the ice-covered period during the later stage of palaeo-lake development.
The chironomid record points to three successive stages during the history of the lake: (1) a peatland pool; (2) a pond (i.e.,
shallower than the maximum ice-cover thickness); and (3) a shallow lake (i.e., deeper than the maximum ice-cover thickness).
The trend of palaeo-lake development indicates that intensive thermokarst processes occurred in the region during the last
Interglacial. Shrub tundra communities with Alnus fruticosa and Betula nana dominated the vegetation during the interglacial optimum. The climate was moister and warmer than present. The results of
this study suggest that quantitative chironomid-based temperature reconstructions from Arctic thermokarst ponds/lakes may
be problematic due to other key environmental factors, such as prolonged periods of winter anoxia and local hydrological/geomorphological
processes, controlling the chironomid assemblages. 相似文献
994.
I. D. L. Foster T. M. Mighall H. Proffitt D. E. Walling P. N. Owens 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(4):881-895
We present 137Cs profiles for three low lying coastal lagoons in Southwest England that show a decline in activity with sediment depth.
137Cs inventories are lower than expected by comparison with local reference inventories despite the fact that sampling was undertaken
in the deep-water zone of each lake where sediment and 137Cs focusing would be expected. At all three locations, lake sediment 7Be and unsupported 210Pb (210Pbun) inventories are not significantly lower than the local reference inventory. 137Cs inventories in the study cores range from 38 to 95% of local reference inventories. The standing water level and mud: water
interface at two sites are below maximum tide level and, at all three sites, salinity increases significantly in the water
columns between low and high tide and in the pore waters of the underlying sediments. We suggest that the difference in hydrostatic
pressure between sea level and standing water levels in the lagoons forces salt water up through the sediment column and that
monovalent cations (especially Na+ and K+) replace 137Cs on exchange sites leading to the upward migration and loss of 137Cs. Rising sea levels may therefore contribute to remobilisation and release of 137Cs to the aquatic environment from the sediments of coastal lagoons. 相似文献
995.
David W. Kelley Stefanie A. Brachfeld Edward A. Nater Herbert E. Wright Jr. 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(1):193-206
Sediments from Lake Pepin on the Mississippi River, southeastern Minnesota, are used as provenance tracers to assess variations
in hydrology and sediment-transport during the middle Holocene. Three rivers contribute sediment to Lake Pepin, and each catchment
is characterized by a distinctly different geologic terrain. The geochemical fingerprint for each drainage basin was determined
from the elemental composition of heavy minerals in the silt-sized fraction of modern sediment samples. Down-core elemental
abundances were compared with these fingerprints by use of a chemical-mass-balance model that apportions sediment to the source
areas. We observed a decreased contribution from the Minnesota River during the interval ~6700–5500 14C yr BP, which we attribute to decreased discharge of the Minnesota River, likely controlled by a combination of precipitation,
snow melt, and groundwater input to the river. This hydrologic condition coincides with the mid-Holocene prairie period recorded
by fossil pollen data. The occurrence of this feature in a proxy record for hydrologic variations supports the hypothesis
that the mid-Holocene prairie period reflects drier conditions than before or after in midwestern North America. 相似文献
996.
Sven O. Franz Lorenz Schwark Cathrin Brüchmann Burkhard Scharf Ralf Klingel Jon D. Van Alstine Namık Çagatay Umut B. Ülgen 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(4):715-736
A limnogeological reconnaissance study was carried out on Lake Iznik, located in the southeast of the Marmara region of Turkey,
involving a seismic survey and collection of short sediment cores. This lake is located on the middle branch of the North
Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), a transform plate boundary between the Eurasian and Anatolian Plates. It is, therefore, tectonically
active and offers an opportunity to investigate the interplay of sedimentary and seismo-tectonic processes, as well as climate
change and human impact in the region. Short cores of the three sub-basins, maximum length of 35.5 cm, recovered non-laminated,
blackish clays and silts with varying amounts of biogenic and minerogenic (allochthonous, autochthonous) material, which documented
almost the last 80 years of deposition and environmental history. High sedimentation rates in the deeper core sections are
accompanied by changes in land use (conversion of woodland to farmland) in the northern areas of Lake Iznik, which caused
the deposition of more weathered material (high K/Na ratios) and higher contents of Mn in the lake. A tendency towards eutrophic
conditions within the last 20 years is indicated by high nutrient content (N, TOC, P), decreasing C/N-ratios, and characteristic
diatom and cladoceran associations. Also increased pollution is revealed by higher Pb, Cu, and Zn contents and increased supply
of human and animal faeces (high coprostanol content) during the last two decades. But simultaneous lower sedimentation rates
towards the core tops complicate the reconstruction of recent and past eutrophication and pollution states of Lake Iznik.
This requires an extension of the pilot study and deeper sediment cores, to recover non-anthropogenic influenced sediment
levels. 相似文献
997.
Miriam Dühnforth Andreas G. N. Bergner Martin H. Trauth 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,36(3):281-294
The Nakuru-Elmenteita basin in the Central Kenya Rift, contains two shallow, alkaline lakes, Lake Nakuru (1770 m above sea level) and Lake Elmenteita (1786 m). Ancient shorelines and lake sediments at 1940 m suggest that these two lakes formed a single large and deep lake as a result of a wetter climate during the early Holocene. Here, we used a hydrological model to compare the precipitation–evaporation balance during the early Holocene to today. Assuming that the Nakuru-Elmenteita basin was hydrologically closed, as it is today, the most likely climate scenario includes a 45% increase in mean-annual precipitation, a 0.5°C decrease in air temperature, and an increase of 9% in cloud coverage from the modern values. Compared to the modeling results from other East African lake basins, this dramatic increase in precipitation seems to be unrealistic. Therefore, we propose a significant flow of water from the early Holocene Lake Naivasha in the south towards the Nakuru-Elmenteita basin to compensate the extremely negative hydrological budget of this basin. Since we did not find any field evidence for a surface connection, as often proposed during the last 70 years, the hydrological deficit of the Nakuru-Elmenteita basin could have also been compensated by a subsurface water exchange. 相似文献
998.
999.
1000.
J. Grabowski L. Krzemiski P. Nescieruk E. Starnawska 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,166(3):1077-1094
Results of palaeomagnetic investigations of the Lower Cretaceous teschenitic rocks in the Silesian unit of the Outer Western Carpathians in Poland bring evidence for pre-folding magnetization of these rocks. The mixed-polarity component reveals inclinations, between 56° and 69°, which might be either of Cretaceous or Tertiary age. Apparently positive results of fold and contact tests in some localities and presence of pyrhotite in the contact aureole suggest that magnetization is primary, although a Neogene or earlier remagnetization cannot be totally excluded since inclination-only test between localities gives 'syn-folding' results. Higher palaeoinclinations (66°–69°) correlate with a younger variety of teschenitic rocks dated for 122–120 Ma, while lower inclinations (56°–60°) with an older variety (138–133 Ma). This would support relatively high palaeolatitudes for the southern margin of the Eurasian plate in the late part of the Early Cretaceous and relatively quick northward drift of the plate in this epoch, together with the Silesian basin at its southern margin. Declinations are similar to the Cretaceous–Tertiary palaeodeclinations of stable Europe in the eastern part of the studied area but rotated ca. 14°–70° counter-clockwise in the western part. This indicates, together with older results from Czech and Slovakian sectors of the Silesian unit, a change in the rotation pattern from counter-clockwise to clockwise at the meridian of 19°E. The rotations took place before the final collision of the Outer Carpathians nappe stack with the European foreland. 相似文献