On the spectrum of relativistic electrons accelerated in cosmic-ray sources     

V. L. Ginzburg  S. I. Syrovatskii 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1968,1(4):442-450

The data on the spectrum of the cosmic-ray electron component near the earth, on the radio-spectra of radio-galaxies, quasars and the Crab Nebula, as well as the data pertaining to the X-ray spectrum of the cosmic background, all agree that the sources of cosmic-ray electrons (such as supernovae and galactic nuclei) inject particles characterized by a power spectrumN(E)=KE ^–0, with 01.5–2.5. A mechanism is known in which the source emits a proton-nuclear component of cosmic rays with a spectrumN _n (E)=K _n E ^– _n, _n = + 2, =w cr/(w–w cr), wherew cr is the cosmic-ray energy density in the source, andw=w cr+w n+w _turb, the total energy density. We obtain =2.5 in agreement with observations on the natural assumption that =0.5. Within the framework of the same model with some additional assumptions, the electrons in the source, as well as those ejected by the source, are shown to have a power-spectrum characterized with _{0 n} = + 2. Thus the model discussed gives an adequate spectrum for both the proton-nuclear and the electron components of cosmic rays.  相似文献   

On metagalactic cosmic rays     

V. L. Ginzburg 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1968,1(1):125-128

The simple argument is presented to show that the average energy density of cosmic rays in the Metagalaxy must be much smaller than in the Galaxy. This conclusion could, in principle, be not valid in the Lemaître cosmological model. The gamma-ray astronomical data now available testify, however, against the possibility of the cosmic-ray storage during the stop phase of the Lemaître model. The measurements of the diffuse background gamma-ray intensity with energy exceeding 10 MeV could definitely solve this problem.  相似文献   

Some features of seasonal variations in the methane content in the atmosphere over northern Eurasia     

A. S. Ginzburg  A. A. Vinogradova  E. I. Fedorova 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2011,47(1):45-58

The climatic trends and basic features of seasonal variations in and anomalies of the concentration of methane in the atmospheric surface layer are considered on the basis of the current notion of the processes that form the global field of methane in the Earth’s atmosphere. Measurement data on the surface concentration of methane, which were obtained in Moscow and at a number of observation stations in Europe and Siberia in the fall-winter period of the first decade of the 21st century, have been analyzed. It is shown that, in the anomalously warm winter months of 2006/2007, the concentration of methane in the atmosphere over Moscow was higher than in the previous and following years. The excess concentration of methane amounted to 10% in March 2007, which is higher than the mean range of seasonal variations in the monthly mean concentration of surface methane. A comparison between the data obtained in Moscow and the data obtained at three stations of the NOAA global monitoring network and at three Russian Hydrometeorological Research Center stations shows the high spatial variability of the methane concentration in the atmosphere over northern Eurasia. The complex and multifactor processes that determine the content of methane in the atmospheric surface layer result in noticeable spatial and interannual deviations from the mean seasonal cycle of its concentration, which can manifest themselves on both regional and global scales. It is possible that the resumed increase in the content of methane in the Earth’s atmosphere recorded in 2007 (after its relative stabilization in the early 2000s) at the global monitoring network was also caused, to some extent, by the anomalously warm winter of 2006–2007 in northern Europe and western Siberia.  相似文献   

Statistical Links between Solar Cosmic Rays,Type-II Radio Emission,and Coronal Mass Ejections     

Bazilevskaya  G. A.  Logachev  Yu. I.  Daibog  E. I.  Vlasova  N. A.  Ginzburg  E. A.  Ishkov  V. N.  Lazutin  L. L.  Nguyen  M. D.  Surova  G. M.  Yakovchuk  O. S. 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2021,61(5):773-779

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Type-II radio emission often accompanies events in solar cosmic rays and is an indicator of the propagation of a shock wave in the solar corona. Conversely, the shock...  相似文献   

Dynamics of an ultra-relativistic, collisionless astrophysical plasma     

V. M. Chechetkin  V. F. Dyachenko  S. L. Ginzburg  N. N. Fimin 《Astronomy Reports》2012,56(5):329-335

We consider the evolution of a collisionless proton-electron plasma with an initial Lorentz factor ?? ?? 223 in the vicinities of astrophysical objects such as black holes, gamma-ray bursts, etc. A three-dimensional, numerical model describing the interaction of the plasma with the electromagnetic field in the Vlasov-Maxwell equations is used to simulate the flow of a relativistic neutral plasma. The modeling results can be used to estimate the conversion of the proton kinetic energy to the energy of electrons and the electromagnetic field.  相似文献   

Influence of Thermal Air Pollution on the Urban Climate (Estimates Using the COSMO-CLM Model)     

Ginzburg  A. S.  Dokukin  S. A. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2021,57(1):47-59

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - It is well known that large cities and urban agglomerations not only make a decisive contribution to the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,...  相似文献   

On the generation mechanism of hard cosmic gamma-ray emission from AGN jets     

V. M. Chechetkin  V. F. D’yachenko  S. L. Ginzburg  V. V. Paleichik  N. N. Fimin  A. L. Sudarikov 《Astronomy Reports》2009,53(6):501-509

We consider the mechanism for the generation of high-energy cosmic gamma rays through the inelastic interaction of relativistic protons (due to their velocity dispersion) accelerated by a self-consistent electromagnetic field in an electron-positron jet plasma. The velocity dispersion is explained by the growth of a plasma instability in a relativistic jet.  相似文献   

Plasma instability in relativistic jets     

S. L. Ginzburg  V. F. D’yachenko  V. V. Paleychik  A. L. Sudarikov  V. M. Chechetkin 《Astronomy Letters》2004,30(6):376-381

Based on the Maxwel-Vlasov equations, we consider the possible generation mechanisms of hard emission through the growth of plasma instabilities in a relativistic jet composed of electrons and protons. The accelerated material of the jet moves by inertia. When a small difference arises between the electron and proton velocities (which may result from the interaction of jet material with background plasma or from the acceleration mechanism) plasma instabilities can grow. The particle distribution functions, which were initially delta functions both in angle and in energy, transform into complex angular and energy dependences. In this case, the probability of collisions between high-energy particles in the jet increases, resulting in hard gamma-ray emission.  相似文献   

Comments on ‘the Faraday rotation and signal dispersion’ by I. Lerche     

V. L. Ginzburg  L. M. Erukhimov 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1971,13(1):53-55

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Climate Change in the Hydrometeorological Parameters of the Black and Azov Seas (1980–2020)     

Ginzburg  A. I.  Kostianoy  A. G.  Serykh  I. V.  Lebedev  S. A. 《Oceanology》2021,61(6):745-756

Oceanology - To study the nature of climate change in the hydrometeorological parameters of the Black and Azov Seas—surface air temperature (SAT), sea surface temperature (SST), ice cover,...  相似文献