On the role of plasma effects in the cosmic ray propagation and isotropization in the Galaxy     

V. L. Ginzburg  V. S. Ptuskin  V. N. Tsytovich 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1973,21(1):13-38

Cosmic ray (c. r.) propagation in interstellar magnetic fields is often considered in the diffusion approximation, i.e. by the diffusion equation in the coordinate space. Cosmic ray momentum distribution in this case is considered isotropic when the space gradients of c.r density are absent. This approach, with the use of an unfixed effective diffusion coefficientD independent of the energyE enables one to describe all the data available However, neither the diffusion mechanism nor the limits of applicability of the diffusion approximation is clear particularly ifD is independent ofE. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficientD must be expressed through the characteristics of the interstellar medium and possibly through the flux velocity and density of c.r. etc. One of the possible approaches for the analysis of the mechanism and characteristic features of c.r. distribution and isotropization is the account taken of the plasma effects and specifically, the study of c.r. flux instability arising when c.r. are moving in the interstellar plasma. As a result of such instability c.r. may generate waves of different types (magnetohydrodynamic, high-frequency plasma and other waves). Generation of waves and scattering on them result in isotropization of cosmic rays while their propagation under certain conditions turns out similar to that under diffusion.An attempt is made here to systematically analyse the avove mentioned plasma effects and to find out to what extent they are responsible for the behaviour of c.r. in the Galaxy. It turns out that c.r. In any case this is true if this mechanism is regarded as the only c.r. isotropization mechanizm within a wide energy range from 1 to 1000 GeV. Isotropization and spatial diffusion of c.r. up toE100–1000 GeV on the waves from external sources (for example, on the waves from the supernova shells) also proved impossible if the diffusion coefficient is assumed to be independent of c.r. energy. Some new possibilities of c.r. isotropization are also considered.A List of Notations D cosmic ray (c.r.) space diffusion coefficient - degree of c.r. anyisotropy - E,E _kin total and kinetic particle energy - p,p particle momentum and its absolute value - angle between the particle momentum direction and the magnetic field direction (z-axis) - cos - v, particle velocity and its absolute value - c light velocity - f(p),f(E) momentum and energy particle distribution function - N( > E) = N( > p) = f(p) dp/(2)³ = _E f dE c.r. particle density - c.r. spectrum index,N(>E)=KE ^–+1 - n _H neutral particle density - n=n _e=n _i ion and electron density - H niagnetic field - T temperature - thermal velocities of electrons and ions - Boltzmann constant - Alfén velocity - M, m proton and electron masses - e electron charge - wave frequency - _H =eH/Mc, = _H (Mc ²/E) gyrofrequency of a plasma proton and relativistic particle - _H =eH/mc gyrofrequency of an electron - plasma frequency - v _ii,v _ei,v _en,v _in collision frequencies between ions, electrons and ions, electrons and neutrals, ions and neutrals - growth rate of wave amplitude - k,k wave vector and its absolute value - angle between the directions of the vectorsk andH - wave energy density  相似文献   

A few remarks on gamma-radiation and the chemical composition of quasars     

V. L. Ginzburg  L. M. Ozernoy 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1970,9(1):116-122

It is shown that, by sufficiently high-power -radiation (in particular, that of -ray Compton effect origin) photonuclear reactions can substantially alter the chemical abundance of material in the central region of the quasars. The absence of observed distortion of the chemical composition of the emitting regions of quasars constitutes an evidence for the effective mixing of plasma in central regions of the quasars, and/or for the diminishing Compton loss on account of the radial magnetic fields.  相似文献   

On the nature of quasars and active galactic nuclei     

V. L. Ginzburg  L. M. Ozernoy 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1977,50(1):23-41

Attractive features and difficulties of the most widely held concepts on the energy sources in quasars and active galactic nuclei (a supermassive rotating magnetoplasmic body, an accreting black hole, a compact star cluster) are reviewed and discussed. In the light of the available data (particularly of recent results on the character of optical variability in a number of objects) models of a compact star cluster seem improbable. The concept of a magnetoid is less vulnerable, but the final choice between magnetoid and accreting black hole will be possible only after the details of these models have been thoroughly elaborated, and when new observational data become available.An extended version of the paper read at the Joint Meeting of Commissions 40 and 48 at the XVI General Assembly of the IAU (Grenoble, 27 August, 1976).  相似文献   

Influence of sea surface temperature and the Aleutian low on forest fire conditions in the Far East     

B. M. Ginzburg  G. V. Sokolova 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(7):468-475

Presented are the results of studies of the effect that oceans (the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific) and atmospheric circulation at the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere produce on forest fire conditions in the Far East. Expansion coefficients of the natural components of anomaly fields of the sea surface temperature of two oceans are proposed as the main predictors of the forest fire drought index. Characteristics of atmospheric circulation in the Aleutian low area are considered as an additional predictor.  相似文献   

A Double Portrait: The Contributions G.S. Golitsyn and P.J. Crutzen Made to Studying the Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere     

Brenninkmeijer  K. A. M.  Ginzburg  A. S.  Elansky  N. F.  Mokhov  I. I. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2021,57(1):1-17

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - This is the introductory article for the special issue of Izvestia, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics dedicated to the 2019 Lomonosov Gold Medal of the...  相似文献   

Transfer of Laser Pulses through the Atmosphere into Space in the Presence of Clouds of the Upper and Middle Tiers     

Busygin  V. P.  Ginzburg  A. S.  Kuzmina  I. Yu. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2021,57(6):594-605

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Mathematical models of the atmosphere have been developed for a laser wavelength of 0.532 μm, including the optical characteristics of a...  相似文献