The influence of mining on woods and forestry in the Saxon Erzgebirge up to the beginning of the 19th century     

Harald Thomasius 《GeoJournal》1994,32(2):103-125

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Origin of some bedded welded tuffs     

R. J. Suthren  H. Furnes 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1980,43(1):61-71

Well defined, laterally continuous welded tuff beds from <1 cm to 2 m thick are more common than has previously been recognized. Examples ranging in composition from rhyolitic to basaltic are described from Ordovician volcanic areas in Britain and Norway, and from the Miocene of the Canary Islands. Bedded welded tuffs are most common in areas of alkaline and peralkaline acidic pyroclastics. They generally occur within successions of massive, welded ash-flow tuff, or within non-welded air-fall tuff successions. Sequences consisting entirely of bedded welded tuff range from <1 m up to 75 m thick. Bedded welded tuffs are thought to originate in three ways. Poorly sorted, thick-bedded welded tuffs are interpreted as the deposits of pyroclastic flows, in which case the beds represent either individual flows units or the layers within flow units. Better sorted, thin-bedded welded tuffs are thought to be of air-fall origin. Thirdly, welding may be produced by the effects of an external heat source on non-welded bedded tuffs.  相似文献   

Relationship between the chemistry and axial dimensions of some shallow water pillow lavas of alkaline olivine basalt-and olivine tholeiitic composition     

H. Furnes  I. B. Fridleifsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1978,41(2):136-146

The axial ratio of basalt pillows in some shallow water pillow lava sequences from Azores and Iceland, is defined as V/H, where V and H represent the vertical and horizontal axes in cross section perpendicular to the elongate direction of undisturbed pillows. The axial ratios show a great spread of overlapping values for pillows from different sequences. However, alkaline olivine basaltic pillows tend to be more flattened than the olivine tholeiitic pillows. Another, and probably more discriminative feature between the two, is the difference in the maximum size of V and H of a pillow body. The limit for V and H for alkaline olivine basalt pillows is significantly lower than that of the olivine tholeiite pillows. A lower viscosity for alkaline olivine basalt than for olivine tholeiite probably accounts for the differences.  相似文献   

Lagerstättengenetische Untersuchungen im Bereich der Uranerz-Struktur Wäldel/Mähring (NE-Bayern)     

Dr. Harald Dill 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1983,72(1):329-352

Zusammenfassung Das Uranvorkommen bei Mähring/Oberpfalz liegt im Grenzbereich Moldanubikum-Saxothuringikum. Die erzführenden Strukturen streichen ± N–S (Gang II) und NNWSSE (Gang I). Sie durchschlagen ein aus Kalifeldspat-Biotit-Granitoiden und chloritisierten Biotitglimmerschiefern aufgebautes Nebengestein vermutlich präkambrischen Alters. Die Gangquarze liegen in mehreren Generationen vor; sie werden stark kataklastisch beansprucht und umgelagert. In den Drusen und im Intergranularraum des Quarzganges schieden sich die Phosphate, Eisenbisulfide, Molybdänsulfide und U-Titanate, U-Oxide und U-Silikate ab. Diese Vererzung läßt sich mit der in Höhensteinweg bei Poppenreuth aufgefundenen monotonen S-akkordanten U-Mineralisation vergleichen. Sie weist innerhalb der Vererzung eine nebengesteinsbezogene Bindung der Uranerzminerale dahingehend auf, daß die Urantitanate an die chloritisierten Nebengesteinsbereiche gebunden sind, während die Uranoxide vornehmlich in den reinen Gangquarzen konzentriert sind. Eine polymetallische U-Mineralisation kommt nicht vor. Vergleiche mit Uranerzvorkommen in der CSSR legen niedrig-thermale Bildungsbedingungen für das Vorkommen Wäldel nahe. Die Elementassoziation U-P-Mo-C deutet auf eine Karbonatoder/und Schwarzschiefereinschaltung in der Bunten Gruppe als Muttergestein hin. Die Elementanreicherung geht primär auf eine Mobilisationen durch den jungvariszischen Magmatismus zurück. Eine postvariszische Umlagerung ist nach den Spurenelemenlvergleichen mit anderen U-Vorkommen und nach den mineralogischen Daten (z. B. kein radiogener Bleiglanz, viel metamorphes Bitumen) anzunehmen. Die Lagerstätte wird nicht als Gangvorkommen s. Str., sondern als mineralisierte Strukturzone bezeichnet. Diese Strukturzonen weisen häufig eine sehr große Teufenerstreckung auf.

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The uranium occurrence near Mähring/Upper Palatinate is situated in the border zone between the Moldanubian and Saxothuringian. The ore-bearing structures run NNW-SSE (lode I) and more or less N-S (lode II). They intersect Precambrian country rocks composed of potassium feldspar-biotite-granitic-mobilisates and chloritised biotite mica schists. The gangue material has formed at different stages and has been affected by intensive cataclastie deformation and recrystallisation. The phosphates, iron sulfides, molybdenum sulfides and U-titanates, U-oxides and U-silicates crystallised in cavities and interstices of the vein quartz. The whole mineralisation can well be compared with the monotonous subconcordant U-mineralisation found in the Höhensteinweg uranium deposit, which is in the neighbourhood of the Wäldel uranium deposit. There is a close relationship between the type of U-mineral and the lithology of the wall rock. Brannerites, for example, are closely associated with chloritised rocks, whereas U-oxides are predominantly encountered in pure vein quartz. No polymetallic U-mineralisation has been found up to now. Comparisons with U-occurrences in Czechoslovakia point to a low temperature of formation for this U-mineralisation. Judgeing from the main elements such as U, P, Mo and C, the mineralisation may have been derived from a deeper-lying metachert and/or carbonate horizon of the Varied Group. The late Variscan thermal events were probably responsible for the mobilisation of these elements. Mineralogical features (e.g. no radiogenic galena, impsonites) and trace element distribution suggest that this mineralisation was redeposited during the Alpidic period. The deposit cannot be classified as a vein-type deposit s.s. as has been done in the past, since it lacks any gangue material paragenetically associated with the U-ores. It is better described as a mineralised fault zone. They are well known for their deep reaching ore bodies.

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Résumé Le gisement d'uranium de Mähring, en Haut-Palatinat, se trouve sur la limite des zones moldanubienne et saxo-thuringienne. Les structures minéralisées sont orientées ± N-S (filon II) et NNW-SSE (filon I). Elles recoupent une roche encaissante d'âge probablement précambrien, constituée de granitoides à biotite et feldspath potassique et de micaschistes chloritisés à biotite. Plusieurs générations se retrouvent dans le quartz filonien qui a subi une forte contrainte cataclastique et a été remanié. Des phosphates, des disulfures de fer, des sulfures de molybdène, des titanates, des oxydes et des silicates d'uranium se sont déposés dans les géodes et dans les espaces intergranulaires du filon de quartz. On peut comparer ce gite avec le minéralisation uranifère, monotone, de plan S, de Höhensteinweg, près de Poppenreuth. Le fait que les titanates uranifères sont liés aux zones chloritisées de la roche encaissante, alors que les oxydes d'uranium sont le plus souvent limités aux filons de quartz pur, indique une liaison avec lá roche encaissante au sein de la minéralisation. Il n'y a pas de minéralisation polymétallique uranifère. La comparaison avec d'autres gisements d'uranium d'Europe centrale suggère une formation à basse température pour le gisement dé Wäldel. L'association des éléments U-P-Mo-C indique une intercalation de schistes noirs et/ou de carbonates dans la roche-mère, la «Bunte Gruppe». A l'origine, l'enrichissement des éléments est dû à une mobilisation contrôlée par des phénomènes magmatiques d'une phase jeune du cycle varisque. La comparaison des éléments en traces avec ceux d'autres gisements d'uranium, ainsi que les données minéralogiques (pas de galène radiogène, beaucoup de bitume) suggèrent qu'il y a eu un remaniement et une phase de minéralisation postvarisques. Ce gisement n'est pas considéré comme un gisement filonien au sens strict, mais plutôt comme une «zone structurale minéralisée». Ce genre de zones structurales montre souvent une très grande étendue en profondeur.

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( ) Moldanubikum — Saxothuringikum. N—S ( 11). NNW—SSE ( 1). , - , , - . , , . ; , , , , . Hohensteinweg Poppenreuth. , , , , — . . , Wäldel. U, , . . (.: , ) . , . .

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Der Begriff Struktur wird zur Kennzeichnung eines im Streichen verfolgbaren Erzvorkommens verwendet. Es handelt sich um einen rein deskriptiven Begriff, der auf den durch die Exploration gewonnenen Daten basiert und frei von einer präjudizierenden lagerstättengenetischen Deutung sein soll.  相似文献   

Petrology and geochemistry of Jurassic basalt dykes from Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica     

Herald Furnes  Else-Ragnhild Neumann  Bjrn Sundvoll 《Lithos》1982,15(4):295-304

Mineral and whole rocks analyses of 12 Jurassic basalt dykes from Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, are presented, and their genesis discussed. On the basis of major oxides and norms the basalts may be classified as olivine and quartz tholeiites. Plotted in the Plag---Cpx---(Opx + 4Q) and Ol---Plag---Q projections, the compositions are most compatible with fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase from a basalt liquid at very low pressure. The ratios between strongly incompatible elements such as Rb, Cs, Zr, Hf, Ta and Th vary considerably, and petrographic mixing calculations give poor fits with respect to Rb, Cs, Ta, Th and light REE. Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr ratios range between 0.70347 and 0.70687, and show no correlation with Rb/Sr or any other SIE ratios. The trace element and Sr isotope data thus do not suggest any simple cogenetic petrogenetic model. It is concluded that the basalt melts most plausibly have been contaminated by, or mixed with anatectic melts of crustal material, rather than reflecting mantle heterogeneity.  相似文献   

H₂O diffusion in dacitic and andesitic melts     

Harald Behrens  Youxue Zhang 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(24):5139-5150

The diffusion of water in dacitic and andesitic melts was investigated at temperatures of 1458 to 1858 K and pressures between 0.5 and 1.5 GPa using the diffusion couple technique. Pairs of nominally dry glasses and hydrous glasses containing between 1.5 and 6.3 wt.% dissolved H₂O were heated for 60 to 480 s in a piston cylinder apparatus. Concentration profiles of hydrous species (OH groups and H₂O molecules) and total water (C_H2Ot = sum of OH and H₂O) were measured along the cylindrical axis of the diffusion sample using IR microspectroscopy. Electron microprobe traverses show no significant change in relative proportions of anhydrous components along H₂O profiles, indicating that our data can be treated as effective binary interdiffusion between H₂O and the rest of the silicate melt. Bulk water diffusivity (D_H2Ot) was derived from profiles of total water using a modified Boltzmann-Matano method as well as using fittings assuming a functional relationship between D_H2Ot and C_H2Ot. In dacitic melts D_H2Ot is proportional to C_H2Ot up to 6 wt.%. In andesitic melts the dependence of D_H2Ot on C_H2Ot is less pronounced. A pressure effect on water diffusivity could not be resolved for either dacitic or andesitic melt in the range 0.5 to 1.5 GPa. Combining our results with previous studies on water diffusion in rhyolite and basalt show that for a given water content D_H2Ot increases monotonically with increasing melt depolymerization at temperatures >1500 K. Assuming an Arrhenian behavior in the whole compositional range, the following formulation was derived to estimate D_H2Ot (m²/s) at 1 wt.% H₂O_t in melts with rhyolitic to andesitic composition as a function of T (K), P (MPa) and S (wt.% SiO₂):