Discharge of pyroclastic flows into the sea during the 1996–1998 eruptions of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat     

Karen Hart  Steven Carey  Haraldur Sigurdsson  R. Stephen J. Sparks  Richard E. A. Robertson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2004,66(7):599-614

Explosive eruptions of the Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat in the West Indies generated pyroclastic flows that reached the sea on the east and southwest coasts between November 1995 and July 1998. Discharge of the flows produced two pyroclastic deltas off of the Tar and White River valleys. A marine geological survey was conducted in July 1998 to study the submarine extensions of both deltas. Detailed profiles of depth and sub-bottom structure were obtained using a CHIRP II/bubble pulser system. These profiles were compared with pre-eruption bathymetric data in order to identify areas of recent deposition and erosion. Deposition off the Tar and White River valleys was thickest nearest the coastline and deltas, and extended into deeper water up to 5 km from shore. The total volume of submarine pyroclastic deposits as of July 1998 was 73×10⁶ m³ DRE. Submarine pyroclastic deposits off the Tar River valley made up more than two-thirds of the total volume (55×10⁶ m³ DRE) and covered an area of approximately 5.0 km², which included the delta. The volume of submarine pyroclastic deposits in the White River area (18×10⁶ m³ DRE) is probably underestimated due to the lack of precise pre-eruption bathymetric data in areas greater than 2 km from shore. Growth of pyroclastic deltas at the mouths of the Tar and White River valleys continued to the edge of the submarine shelf where there was a steep break in slope. In the Tar River area pyroclastic material was distributed down the steep shelf break and into deeper water at least a few kilometers from shore. The material spread out radially, forming a submarine fan, where distribution was primarily controlled by bathymetry and slope.Editorial responsibility; J. Stix  相似文献   

The effect of grain texture on the occurrence of microstructural properties in subglacial till     

Jane K. Hart  Anjana Khatwa  Peter Sammonds 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2004,23(23-24):2501-2512

In this paper, we examine whether till grain size affects the range and occurrence of micromorphological features associated with subglacial shear. Our till samples were collected from two glaciers in Iceland, and varied in texture from a coarse, sandy clast-rich till (Fjallsjökull) to a fine-grained silty-sandy till (Vestari-Hagafellsjökull). We found a wide range of deformational microstructures that included skelsepic plasmic fabric, intraclasts of pre-existing eroded bedrock (basalt) and weathered clay and ‘mini-shear zones’ between clasts. We classified our micromorphological data into three classes; rotational, intermediate and linear. In addition to these observations, we performed extensive microfabric analysis at different scales on all of our samples. We found that the coarse-grained till contained a greater number and variety of microstructures than the fine-grained till. In addition, the fine-grained till showed a distinct lack of rotational structures that we attribute to the lack of significantly sized clasts in the matrix. We argue that the varied texture of the coarse-grained till provides a greater degree of perturbation within the shearing layer and so more distinct microstructures form. In a more fine-grained till, shearing is more homogeneous since there are less perturbations in the matrix and this leads to a more singular kind of microstructure. Our observations suggest that subglacial shear occurs within a multi-layered patchwork of different grain sizes, competence and pore water pressures. It is these factors that are so crucial in determining the occurrence and type of microstructural evidence we see in subglacial tills.  相似文献   

Hyperfiltration of potassium nitrate through clay membranes under relatively low-head conditions   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Megan Hart 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(20):4817-4823

Much like reverse osmosis membranes, clays have been shown to exhibit reverse osmosis properties at high hydraulic heads. To determine if reverse osmosis was possible at lower hydraulic heads, potassium nitrate solutions were passed through thin clay layers at heads of 1.30 to 1.42 m. In each experiment, concentrations significantly increased due to partial solute rejection by the clay membranes. Concentration increases within the experimental cells were between 131% and 184%. Calculated values of the reflection coefficient ranged between 0.55 to 0.70, suggesting that these thin clay layers exhibited membrane effects. The results of these experiments suggest hyperfiltration may concentrate some dissolved contaminants from below to above regulatory limits in shallow aquifers bounded by a membrane-functioning aquitard or relatively low hydraulically conductive geologic strata. Hyperfiltration may also control nutrient distributions, creating subsurface microbial “hotspots”. Consideration of hyperfiltration effects may ultimately lead to a clearer understanding of many subsurface processes, both shallow and deep, including contaminant fate and transport, subsurface microbiology, natural bioremediation and attenuation, redox, rock-water interaction, and groundwater chemistry.  相似文献   

Quality issues in harvested rainwater in arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau of northern China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kun Zhu  Linus Zhang  William Hart  Mancang Liu  Hui Chen 《Journal of Arid Environments》2004,57(4):487-505

Loess soils cover vast areas in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. Due to the lack of reliable surface water and ground-water, rainwater harvesting has played a prominent role in farmers’ domestic usage and agricultural irrigation. An economical and valid type of water storage cistern with optimum design of components has been introduced to rural areas in the Loess Plateau. Different collection alternatives showed apparent variations in rainwater quality. By using different catchments, such as mortar roofs and cement-paved courtyards, compacted land or road surfaces, rainwater can be effectively collected for storage in cisterns. This study focused mainly on the quality of rainwater harvested from the different catchment systems and stored for different periods of time. By analysis of the water samples stored in these cisterns, it was evident that rainwater quality could be improved significantly by self-purification during the storage. With emphasis on rainwater quality affected by the different catchment systems, it was found that the measured inorganic compounds in the rainwater harvested from roof-yard catchment systems generally matched the WHO standards for drinking water, while the concentrations of some inorganic compounds in the rainwater collected from land and road surfaces appeared to be higher than the guideline values for drinking water, but generally not beyond the maximum permissible concentrations. However, Fecal Coliform, which is an important bacteriological parameter for the three catchment systems, exceeded the limits of drinking water to a greater extend. Trace amounts of 55 organic pollutants were identified, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds and phthalate esters, etc. The analytical results indicated that roof-yard catchments that included the “first flush” usually provided safe drinking water with low organic contents, even for rainwater collected immediately after rainfall. In contrast, rainwater harvested from road surfaces had poor quality with respect to the organic constituents, regardless of stored time.  相似文献   

Till fabric associated with deformable beds   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jane K. Hart 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(1):15-32

This paper investigates the development of till fabric associated with glaciers overlying deformable beds. First, the till fabrics from both modern and ancient, soft bed and hard bed subglacial environments are investigated, and then soft bedded sites with specific strain histories are examined. The results indicate that lodgement tills had a strong fabric, whilst there is a wide range of much weaker fabric strengths associated with soft bed tills. It is suggested from a theoretical study of soft bed till deposition that longitudinal and vertical processes in the subglacial deforming layer are important in fabric development. Field sites were chosen to isolate these two factors, and fabrics investigated in areas of known relative shear strain, and known relative thickness of the deforming layer. The results indicate that: (1) for a fixed deforming layer, fabric strength does increase with increasing deformation (except at very high strains where the development of a transverse fabric can lead to a reduction in the overall fabric strain); and (2) lodgement tills and soft bed tills associated with a thin deforming layer have a high fabric strength, whilst soft bed tills associated with a thick deforming layer have a low fabric strength. Where the deforming layer is thin, clasts are oriented parallel with the glacier direction either by lodging against a hard bed or ploughing against a soft bed. However, where the deforming layer is thicker and shear strains are high, melt-out processes encourage a parallel fabric, but the increased shear strain and changes in the deforming layer thickness cause the clasts to develop both a parallel and transverse fabric. These processes combine to reduce the overall fabric strength. Till fabric studies are a further sedimentological technique to separate the depositional processes associated with a homogeneous till.  相似文献   

Trace Elements and Sr,Nd Isotope Geochemistry of the Lajimiao Norite-Gabbro from the North Qinling Belt1     

Li Shuguang  Chen Yizhi  Zhang Zongqing  Ye Xiaojing  Zhang Guowei  Guo Anlin  S. R. Hart 《《地质学报》英文版》1994,7(2):137-151

Abstract The Lajimiao norite-gabbro complex, as a part of the ophiolites on the southern side of the North Qinling belt, consists of gabbro and norite-gabbro. They were derived from different magma series: the gabbro was derived from tholeiitic magma series with higher TiO₂, REE abundance and Fe³⁺ / Fe²⁺ ratio; norite-gabbro was derived from calc-alkali magma series with lower TiO₂, Fe³⁺ / Fe²⁺ ratio and REE abundance and much lower HREE abundance, which suggests that the source of the norite-gabbro magma was deeper and controlled by eclogite facies. Geochemical characteristics of both plutonic rocks are similar to those of island-arc basalts, such as relatively high contents of Ba, Pb and Sr and relatively low contents of Nb, Zr and Ni. The Sr, Nd isotopic characteristics of the Lajimiao norite-gabbro complex are similar to those of ophiolites. Its 8_Nd values are constant, about +2; whereas 8_Sr values have wide variation from — 6.4 to +31.2 and positively correlate with Na₂O, H₂O⁺ and CO₂ contents and the Fe³⁺ / Fe²⁺ ratio. The ?_Nd—Nd / Th, ?_Nd—La/Nb and ?_Nd—Ba/Nb diagrams clearly show that there were significant components of terrigenous sediments in the mantle source of the Lajimiao norite-gabbro complex. It suggests that large amount of sediments had been carried into the mantle by the subducted ancient Qinling sea plate during the Palaeozoic.  相似文献   

An experimental study of sulfur and NOx fluxes over grassland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. B. Hicks  M. L. Wesely  R. L. Coulter  R. L. Hart  J. L. Durham  R. Speer  D. H. Stedman 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1986,34(1-2):103-121

Three independent sulfur sensors were used in a study of sulfur eddy fluxes to a field of wheat stubble and mixed grasses, conducted in Southern Ohio in September, 1979. Two of these sensors were modified commercial instruments; one operated with a prefilter to measure gaseous sulfur compounds and the other with a denuder system to provide submicron particulate sulfur data. The third sensor was a prototype system, used to measure total sulfur fluxes. The data obtained indicated that the deposition velocity for gaseous sulfur almost always exceeded that for particulate sulfur; average surface conductances were about 1.0 cm s^–1 for gaseous sulfur in the daytime and about 0.4 cm s^–1 for particulate sulfur. The data indicate that nighttime values were probably much lower. The total sulfur sensor provided support for these conclusions. The boundary-layer quantity ln(z ₀ /z _H )was found to be 2.75 ± 0.55, in close agreement with expectations and thus providing some assurance that the site was adequate for eddy flux studies. However, fluxes derived using a prototype NO_x sensor were widely scattered, partially as a consequence of sensor noise but also possibly because of the effects of nearby sources of natural nitrogen compounds.Formerly with Argonne National Laboratory.  相似文献   

Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the American-Antarctic Ridge,Southern Ocean: implications for the westward influence of the Bouvet mantle plume     

Anton P. le Roex  Henry J. B. Dick  Arch M. Reid  Fred A. Frey  Anthony J. Erlank  Stan R. Hart 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1985,90(4):367-380

Ridge segments and fracture zones from the American-Antarctic Ridge have been systematically dredge sampled from 4° W to 18° W. Petrographic studies of the dredged basalts show that the dominant basalt variety is olivine-plagioclase basalt, although olivine-plagioclase-clinopyroxene basalt is relatively common at some localities. Selected samples have been analysed for major and trace elements, rare earth elements and Sr and Nd isotopes. These data show that the majority of samples are slightly evolved (Mg#=69-35) N-type MORB, although a small group of samples from a number of localities have enriched geochemical characteristics (T- and P-type MORB).These different types of MORB are readily distinguished in terms of their incompatible trace element and isotopic characteristics: N-type MORB have high Zr/Nb (17–78), Y/Nb (4.6–23) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51303–0.51308) ratios, low Zr/Y (2.2–4.2) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70263–0.70295) ratios and have (La/Sm)_N<1.0; T-type MORB have lower than chondritic Zr/Nb ratios (8.8–15.5), relatively low Y/Nb (1.9–4.3) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51296–0.51288) ratios and relatively high Zr/Y (3.1–4.7), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70307–0.70334) and (La/Sm)_N (1.1–1.5) ratios; the single sample of P-type MORB has low Zr/Nb (6.3), Y/Nb (0.9) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51287) ratios and high Zr/Y (7.1), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70351) and (La/Sm)_N (2.4) ratios. The geochemical characteristics of this sample are essentially identical to those of the Bouvet Island lavas.Geochemically enriched MORB are less abundant on the American-Antarctic Ridge than on the Southwest Indian Ridge but their geochemical characteristics are identical. The compositions of T- and P-type MORB are consistent with a regional mixing model involving normal depleted mantle and Bouvet plume type magma. On a local scale the composition of T-type MORB is consistent with derivation from depleted mantle which contains 4% veins of P-type melt.We propose a model for the evolution of the American-Antarctic Ridge lavas in which N-type MORB is derived from mantle with negligible to low vein/mantle ratios, T-type MORB is derived from domains with moderate and variable vein/mantle ratios and P-type MORB from regions with very high vein/mantle ratios where vein material comprises the major portion of the melt. The sparse occurrence of enriched lavas and by implication enriched mantle beneath the American-Antarctic Ridge, some distance (500–1,200 km) from the Bouvet plume location, is interpreted to be the result of lateral dispersion of enriched mantle domains by asthenospheric flow away from the Bouvet mantle plume towards the American-Antarctic Ridge.  相似文献   

Lead-isotopic signatures of porphyry copper deposits in oceanic and continental settings,Colombian Andes     

R.H Sillitoe  S.R Hart 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(10):2135-2142

Three discrete sub-belts of porphyry copper-type mineralization are recognized in the Colombian Andes: a western Eocene sub-belt, an eastern Jurassic to early Cretaceous sub-belt and, between them, a central Miocene sub-belt. The western sub-belt is part of an oceanic domain constituted by oceanic crust and overlying immature island-arc rocks, the eastern sub-belt is within a continental domain underlain by the leading edge of the Guayana shield, and the central sub-belt spans the faulted boundary between them. The thicker continental crust includes important granulitic rocks which crop out locally, as in the vicinity of the Mocoa porphyry copper deposit.Pb-isotopic ratios were determined for pyrite samples collected from 6 porphyry copper centers, 3 in the western sub-belt, 2 in the eastern sub-belt, and one in the central sub-belt. Ratios fall into 3 discrete populations: the most radiogenic values represent the western sub-belt, the least radiogenic represent the eastern sub-belt, and an intermediate value corresponds to the central sub-belt. Ratios therefore become progressively less radiogenic from the western oceanic domain to the eastern cratonic domain.Comparison of the Pb-isotopic ratios with those given in the literature for possible source materials for Colombian porphyry copper leads enables the subcontinental mantle wedge, subducted oceanic crust and subducted metalliferous sediments to be discounted as principal sources. The relatively radiogenic signatures of 5 of the porphyry copper centers appear to be broadly compatible with either a subducted pelagic sediment source or an upper continental crust source, whereas the sixth center, Mocoa, is characterized by a distinctly less radiogenic ${}^{206}\text{Pb}{}^{204}\text{Pb}$ ratio. An admixture of a relatively small percentage of non-radiogenic Pb from granulitic material in the upper crust with the more radiogenic Pb typical of the western sub-belt centers could account for the Mocoa data. Because much of the upper crustal section in the region of Mocoa is thought to be dominated by granulitic material, the radiogenic Pb component could be best derived from subducted pelagic sediments. If this is the case, then a subducted pelagic sediment source could dominate the Pb-isotopic signatures of all Colombian porphyry copper mineralization, with some of the Pb-isotopic differences being produced by selective contamination with upper crustal leads of variable character. If this conclusion is correct, then the fundamental metal budgets of Colombian porphyry copper systems are probably largely independent of upper crustal influences.  相似文献   

Chemical structure and evolution of the mantle and continents determined by inversion of Nd and Sr isotopic data,II. Numerical experiments and discussion     

C.J. Allègre  S.R. Hart  J.-F. Minster 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1983

Application of the inversion technique described in Part I [1] to models in which the depleted (MORB) mantle is created by extraction of continental crust results in a stable and self-consistent set of model data, including estimates of uncertainties on all the parameters. The inversion shows that the mean age of the continents (and of the depleted mantle) is 2.14–2.46 b.y., and that the lower crust must be depleted in Rb by a factor of ～ 4 relative to the upper crust. The fraction of total mantle which has been depleted ranges over wide limits (30–90%) depending on: (a) whether the lower mantle is considered to be virgin, or somewhat depleted; (b) whether the depleted reservoir is represented in Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr systematics by average values of MORB, or by extreme values of MORB, and (c) whether the bulk earth Nd content is presumed to be similar to E or H chondrites, or is higher than all known meteorite classes. The usefulness of crust-mantle budget models in constraining such questions as whole mantle versus two-layer mantle convection will be enhanced by better data and understanding in these three key areas of geochemistry.  相似文献