An integrated approach for aquifer vulnerability mapping using GIS and rough sets: study from an alluvial aquifer in North India     

Arina Khan  Haris Hasan Khan  Rashid Umar  Muneeb Hasan Khan 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(7):1561-1572

A modified DRASTIC model in a geographic information system (GIS) environment coupled with an information-analytic technique called ‘rough sets’ is used to understand the aquifer vulnerability characteristics of a segment of the lower Kali watershed in western Uttar Pradesh, India. Since the region is a flat plain, topography (T) is removed as a potential control. Other parameters are the same as in DRASTIC, hence the new model is termed as DRASIC. The rough set technique is employed to provide insight into the relative vulnerabilities of different administrative units (blocks) within the study area. Using rough sets, three important factors are computed: strength, certainty and coverage. Strength indicates how the vulnerability characteristics vary in the entire area, certainty gives the relative fractions of low, medium and high vulnerability regions within a particular block, and coverage computes the percentage of a particular vulnerability state in each block. The purpose of the work is to demonstrate the utility of this integrated approach in classifying different administrative blocks in the study area according to their aquifer vulnerability characteristics. This approach is particularly useful for block-level planning and decision making for sustainable management of groundwater resources.  相似文献   

Modified biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on luffa sponge for biosorption of hexavalent chromium     

D. K. Verma  S. H. Hasan  D. Ranjan  R. M. Banik 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(7):1927-1938

Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a white rot basidiomycete, was immobilized over Luffa cylindrica sponge discs, treated with 0.1 N HCl and its potentiality for the removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from water was investigated in both batch and in up-flow fixed-bed bioreactor. The acid treatment of biomass increased the uptake capacity and percentage removal of Cr(VI) from 33.5 to 46.5 mg g^?1 and 67 to 92 %, respectively. Maximum uptake of Cr(VI) was achieved at pH 2, temperature 40 °C after 100 min of contact time. The Cr(VI) sorption on the biomass was better explained by Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. Sorption kinetic study showed that pseudo-second-order model best correlates the Cr(VI) sorption on the biomass as compare to pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The performance of fixed-bed bioreactor was evaluated at different bed heights (5, 15 and 25 cm) and flow rates (1.66, 4.98 and 8.33 mL min^?1) by using bed depth service time model. Response surface methodology statistical method was applied for optimizing the process parameters. FTIR analysis showed that amino groups were mainly involved in adsorption of Cr(VI).  相似文献   

Application of soft computing in predicting rock fragmentation to reduce environmental blasting side effects     

Masoud Monjezi  Hasan Ali Mohamadi  Bahare Barati  Manoj Khandelwal 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(2):505-511

In the blasting operation, risk of facing with undesirable environmental phenomena such as ground vibration, air blast, and flyrock is very high. Blasting pattern should properly be designed to achieve better fragmentation to guarantee the successfulness of the process. A good fragmentation means that the explosive energy has been applied in a right direction. However, many studies indicate that only 20–30 % of the available energy is actually utilized for rock fragmentation. Involvement of various effective parameters has made the problem complicated, advocating application of new approaches such as artificial intelligence-based techniques. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) method is used to predict rock fragmentation in the blasting operation of the Sungun copper mine, Iran. The predictive model is developed using eight and three input and output parameters, respectively. Trying various types of the networks, it was found that a trained model with back-propagation algorithm having architecture 8-15-8-3 is the optimum network. Also, performance comparison of the ANN modeling with that of the statistical method was confirmed robustness of the neural networks to predict rock fragmentation in the blasting operation. Finally, sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential parameters on fragmentation are powder factor, burden, and bench height.  相似文献   

Palynomorph stratigraphy,palynofacies and organic geochemistry assessments for hydrocarbon generation of Ratawi Formation,Iraq     

Thamer Khazal Al-Ameri  Afrah Hasan Al-Ekabi  Sameer Noori Al-Jawad 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(4):1433-1455

Seventy-two core and cutting samples of the Ratawi Formation from selected wells of central and southern Iraq in Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin are analysed for their sedimentary organic matters. Dinoflagellates, spores and pollen are extracted by palynological techniques from these rocks. Accordingly, Hauterivian and late Valanginian ages are suggested for their span of depositional time. These palynomorphs with other organic matter constituents, such as foraminifer’s linings, bacteria and fungi, are used to delineate three palynofacies types that explain organic matter accumulation sites and their ability to generate hydrocarbons. Palaeoenvironments of these sites were mainly suboxic to anoxic with deposition of inshore and neritic marine environments especially for palynofacies type 2. Total organic matters of up to 1.75 total organic carbon (TOC) wt.% and early mature stage of up to 3.7 TAI based on the brown colour of the spore species Cyathidites australis and Gleichenidites senonicus with mottled interconnected amorphous organic matter are used for hydrocarbon generation assessment from this formation. On the other hand, these rock samples are processed with Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Outcomes and data calculations of these analyses are plotted on diagrams of kerogen types and hydrocarbon potential. Theses organic matter have reached the mature stage of up to T _max?=?438 °C, hydrogen index of up to 600 mg hydrocarbons for each gram of TOC wt.% and mainly low TOC (0.50–1.55). Accordingly, this formation could generate fair quantities of hydrocarbons in Baghdad oil field and Basrah oil fields. Organic matters of this formation in the fields of Euphrates subzone extends from Hilla to Nasiriyah cities have not reached mature stage and hence not generated hydrocarbons from the Ratawi Formation. Software 1D PetroMod basin modelling of the Ratawi Formation has confirmed this approach of hydrocarbon generation with 100 % transformations of the intended organic matters to generate hydrocarbons to oil are performed in especially oil fields of East Baghdad, West Qurna and Majnoon while oil fields Ratawi and Subba had performed 80–95 % transformation to oil and hence end oil generation had charged partly the Tertiary traps that formed during the Alpine Orogeny. Oil fields of Nasiriyah and Kifle had performed least transformation ratio of about 10–20 % transformation to oil, and hence, most of the present oil in this field is migrated from eastern side of the Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin that hold higher maturation level.  相似文献   

Spectroscopic Observation of Oscillations in the Corona During the Total Solar Eclipse of 22 July 2009     

Jagdev Singh  S. S. Hasan  G. R. Gupta  K. Nagaraju  D. Banerjee 《Solar physics》2011,270(1):213-233

We performed high resolution spectroscopy of the solar corona during the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 in two emission lines: the green line at 5303 ? due to Fe xiv and the red line at 6374 ? due to Fe x, simultaneously from Anji (latitude 30°28.1′ N; longitude 119°35.4′ E; elevation 890 m), China. A two-mirror coelostat with 100 cm focal length lens produced a 9.2 mm image of the Sun. The spectrograph using 140 cm focal length lens in Littrow mode and a grating with 600 lines per millimeter blazed at 2 μm provided a dispersion of 30 m? and 43 m? per pixel in the fourth order around the green line and third order around the red line, respectively. Two Peltier cooled 1k × 1k CCD cameras, with a pixel size of 13 μm square and 14-bit readout at 10 MHz operated in frame transfer mode, were used to obtain the time sequence spectra in two emission lines simultaneously. The duration of totality was 341 s, but we could get spectra for 270 s after a trial exposure at an interval of 5 s. We report here on the detection of intensity, velocity, and line width oscillations with periodicity in the range of 25 – 50 s. These oscillations can be interpreted in terms of the presence of fast magnetoacoustic waves or torsional Alfvén waves. The intensity ratios of green to red emission lines indicate the temperature of the corona to be 1.65 MK in the equatorial region and 1.40 MK in the polar region, relatively higher than the expected temperature during the low activity period. The width variation of the emission lines in different coronal structures suggests different physical conditions in different structures.  相似文献