Buchbesprechungen     

F. Steinhauser  K. Cehak  Helmut Pichler 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1974,23(3-4):393-400

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Triangulation adjustment general discussion and new procedure     

Helmut Wolf 《Journal of Geodesy》1950,24(2):87-104

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Die Struktur des Tief-K2Li[AIF6] und ihre Beziehung zu Elpasolith,K2Na[AlF6] und anderen Strukturen     

Prof. Dr. Helmut G. F. Winkler 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1952,3(4):297-306

Zusammenfassung Die Struktur von Kristallen der Tieftemperaturmodifikation des K₂Li[AlF₆] wurden untersucht. Es ergaben sich folgende Daten: Kristallklasse –3m–D _3d: ditrigonal-skalenoedrisch; rhomboedrisches Translationsgitter; RaumgruppeR –3m–D _3d (5). Hexagonale Aufstellung:a ₀=5,574 Åc ₀=13,648 Å ;c/a=2,4485. Inhalt der Zelle 3 · K₂LiAlF₆. Rhomboedrische Aufstellung: _R = 5,573 Å;=60° 01; Inhalt dieser Zelle 1 · K₂LiAlF₆;D _x = 3,066. Die vollständige Struktur wird mitgeteilt und mit der sehr ähnlichen Struktur des kubischen Minerals Elpasolith, K₂Na[AIF₆], verglichen; es besteht zwischen beiden Strukturen Homöotypie, Außerdem werden die optischen Daten und die Spaltbarkeit dieser beiden Kristallarten miteinander verglichen und die Unterschiede qualitativ auf Grund der Kristallstrukturen erklärt. Weitere Homöotypiebeziehungen werden aufgezeigt.  相似文献   

I. Erdöl Ergebnisse der erdölgeologischen Erforschung Nordwestdeutschlands 1932–1947, ein Überblick     

Alfred Bentz  A. Meyer-Gürr  Helmut Fahrion  Walter Rühl  Wilhelm Kehrer  Hermann Deecke  H. Schlüter  Rolf Behrmann  Hans Weber  Herbert Lögters  Oswald Schmidt 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1948,35(2):167-170

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Physico‐chemical Assessment of the Reference Status in German Surface Waters: A Contribution to the Establishment of the EC Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EG in Germany     

Petra Schneider  Peter L. Neitzel  Martin Schaffrath  Helmut Schlumprecht 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2003,31(1):49-63

For the establishment of the EC Water Framework Directive in Germany the physico‐chemical reference conditions of surface waters in Germany had to be determined. The results of the statistical analysis of 3500 data sets of 31 surface water catchment types show that water body types can be aggregated to bogs and bog riverside meadows, saliniferous type, carbonatic‐dolomitic type, sandy‐clayey type, silicatic type, and metallogenic type. The data base allows an assessment of the plausibility of the surface water quality classification and quality targets of the LAWA (Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser). The investigated reference status of the natural surface waters for the considered elements in the suspended particulate matter, except in metallogenic landscapes, corresponds to the water quality class I of the LAWA. The reference conditions of cadmium and mercury in the total water phase are significantly higher than the quality targets of the LAWA. The evaluated reference data of the other physico‐chemical parameters in the total water phase show, that assessable physico‐chemical parameters refer to a quality class of I, mainly and quality class II, locally. Mainly, the data reached the quality targets of the LAWA. In spite of the hard evaluation criteria to separate reference sites a special enrichment of nitrate and cadmium was found in many German surface water reference catchment types.  相似文献   

Orogenic structure of the Eastern Alps, Europe, from TRANSALP deep seismic reflection profiling     

Ewald Lüschen  Bernd Lammerer  Helmut Gebrande  Karl Millahn  Rinaldo Nicolich  TRANSALP Working Group 《Tectonophysics》2004,388(1-4):85

The TRANSALP Group, comprising of partner institutions from Italy, Austria and Germany, acquired data on a 340 km long deep seismic reflection line crossing the Eastern Alps between Munich and Venice. Although the field work was split into four campaigns, between fall 1998 and summer 2001, the project gathered for the first time a continuous profile across the Alps using consistent field acquisition and data processing parameters. These sections span the orogen itself, at its broadest width, as well as the editor Fred Davey and the two adjacent basins. Vibroseis and explosion data, complementary in their depth penetration and resolution characteristics, were obtained along with wide-angle and teleseismic data. The profile shows a bi-vergent asymmetric structure of the crust beneath the Alpine axis which reaches a maximum thickness of 55 km, and 80–100 km long transcrustal ramps, the southward dipping ‘Sub-Tauern-Ramp’ and the northward-dipping ‘Sub-Dolomites-Ramp’. Strongly reflective patterns of these ramps can be traced towards the north to the Inn Valley and towards the south to the Valsugana thrust belt, both of which show enhanced seismicity in the brittle upper crust. The seismic sections do not reveal any direct evidence for the presence of the Periadriatic Fault system, the presumed equivalent to the Insubric Line in the Western Alps. According to our new evolutionary model, the Sub-Tauern-Ramp is linked at depth with remnants of the subducted Penninic Ocean. The ‘crocodile’-type model describes an upper/lower crustal decoupling and wedging of both the European and the Adriatic–African continents.  相似文献   

Spherical harmonics in texture analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Helmut Schaeben  K. Gerald van den Boogaart 《Tectonophysics》2003,370(1-4):253-268

The objective of this contribution is to emphasize the fundamental role of spherical harmonics in constructive approximation on the sphere in general and in texture analysis in particular. The specific purpose is to present some methods of texture analysis and pole-to-orientation probability density inversion in a unifying approach, i.e. to show that the classic harmonic method, the pole density component fit method initially introduced as a distinct alternative, and the spherical wavelet method for high-resolution texture analysis share a common mathematical basis provided by spherical harmonics. Since pole probability density functions and orientation probability density functions are probability density functions defined on the sphere Ω^{3 3} or hypersphere Ω^{4 4}, respectively, they belong at least to the space of measurable and integrable functions ¹(Ω^d), d=3, 4, respectively.

Therefore, first a basic and simplified method to derive real symmetrized spherical harmonics with the mathematical property of providing a representation of rotations or orientations, respectively, is presented. Then, standard orientation or pole probability density functions, respectively, are introduced by summation processes of harmonic series expansions of ¹(Ω^d) functions, thus avoiding resorting to intuition and heuristics. Eventually, it is shown how a rearrangement of the harmonics leads quite canonically to spherical wavelets, which provide a method for high-resolution texture analysis. This unified point of view clarifies how these methods, e.g. standard functions, apply to texture analysis of EBSD orientation measurements.  相似文献   

Behavior of moment‐resisting frame structures subjected to near‐fault ground motions     

Babak Alavi  Helmut Krawinkler 《地震工程与结构动力学》2004,33(6):687-706

Near‐fault ground motions impose large demands on structures compared to ‘ordinary’ ground motions. Recordings suggest that near‐fault ground motions with ‘forward’ directivity are characterized by a large pulse, which is mostly orientated perpendicular to the fault. This study is intended to provide quantitative knowledge on important response characteristics of elastic and inelastic frame structures subjected to near‐fault ground motions. Generic frame models are used to represent MDOF structures. Near‐fault ground motions are represented by equivalent pulses, which have a comparable effect on structural response, but whose characteristics are defined by a small number of parameters. The results demonstrate that structures with a period longer than the pulse period respond very differently from structures with a shorter period. For the former, early yielding occurs in higher stories but the high ductility demands migrate to the bottom stories as the ground motion becomes more severe. For the latter, the maximum demand always occurs in the bottom stories. Preliminary regression equations are proposed that relate the parameters of the equivalent pulse to magnitude and distance. The equivalent pulse concept is used to estimate the base shear strength required to limit story ductility demands to specific target values. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sweden     

Helmut Goerke  Gerhard Eder  Kurt Weber  Wolfgang Ernst 《Marine pollution bulletin》1979,10(5):127-132

Four invertebrate and one fish species (Cerastoderma edule, Mya arenaria, Arenicola marina, Crangon crangon, Solea solea) from a single area of the German Wadden sea were investigated for concentrations of ten organochlorine pollutants in 1976. PCB concentrations (wet tissue basis) were predominating with 10–200 ng g^?1, while p,p′-DDD, dieldrin, α-HCH, γ-HCH and p,p′-DDE generally ranged between 1 and 10 ng g^?1. Values of α-endosulfan were even lower; p,p′-DDT, endrin and heptachlor epoxide could not be detected. Residue levels in shrimps were close to the lower range of values which have been found in this species from other areas of the North Sea since 1974. The patterns of residue concentrations in the five aquatic species were remarkably different indicating species- and compound-specific bioaccumulation. Trophic level and lipid content were shown to be responsible for PCB concentrations increasing from bivalves to fish.  相似文献   

Experimentelle Bildung von SiO2-Mineralien aus natürlichen Silikaten und silikatischen Gesteinen bei 180° C     

Helmut Höller 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1968,17(3):187-203

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Temperatur von 180°C wurde die Umwandlung eines Trachyandesites sowie eines Serpentins in Quarz im alkalischen Milieu untersucht.Die Bildung der SiO₂-Mineralien erfolgte aus den silikatischen Gemengteilen dieser Gesteine, wie auch Versuche mit Alkalifeldspat, Plagioklas, Augit und Biotit zeigen.Unter dem Einfluß von verschiedenen KOH- und NaOH-Lösungen kam es zu einem Abbau der silikatischen Substanzen und zur Bildung von Cristobalit und dann erst von Quarz.Bei geringeren Alkalikonzentrationen bleibt der Cristobalit sehr lange erhalten; bei höheren Konzentrationen dagegen kommt es zu einer raschen Bildung von Quarz. Es zeigt sich dabei, daß die NaOH-Lösungen die Quarzbildung stärker beschleunigen als die KOH-Lösungen. Die experimentell zu SiO₂-Mineralien umgewandelten Trachyandesite konnten mit den natürlichen opalisierten Trachyandesiten verglichen werden.Auch aus Cristobalit und Alunit bestehende natürliche Zersetzungsprodukte des Trachyandesites konnten experimentell nachgebildet werden. Dies geschah durch die Einwirkung von alkalischen Lösungen und darauffolgend von Schwefelsäure auf den Trachyandesit.

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Experimental formation of SiO₂-minerals out of natural silicates and silicatic rocks at 180° C

The transformation of both trachyandesite and serpentine into quartz in alcalic surroundings at 180° C was investigated by experiments. The SiO₂-minerals were formed out of the silicatic components of the rocks (trachyandesite and serpentine), as was shown by experiments with potassium feldspar, oligoclase, augite and biotite. Under the influence of differing KOH and NaOH solutions the silicatic substances were dissolved, and cristobalite at first, and only afterwards quartz were formed. At low alcalic concentrations the cristobalite was preserved for a long time whereas higher alcalic concentrations led to a rapid formation of quartz. The NaOH-solutions speeded up the formation of quartz to a greater extent than KOH-solutions. The trachyandesite, experimentally transformed into SiO₂-minerals, could be compared with the naturally opalized trachyandesites. Products of natural alteration consisting of cristobalite and alunite could likewise be imitated in experiments, when the trachyandesite was transformed first by alcalic solutions and then by sulphuric acid.

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Herrn Professor Dr. H. Heritsch danke ich für sein dauerndes Interesse an dieser Arbeit, für Ratschläge und kritische Bemerkungen sowie dafür, daß die Experimente am Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie der Universität Graz durchgeführt werden konnten. Herrn Professor Dr. C. W. Correns danke ich für wertvolle Hinweise und für die Möglichkeit, die experimentelle Technik in Göttingen anläßlich eines Studienaufenthaltes kennenzulernen. Ebenso gilt mein Dank Herrn Professor Dr. K. H. Wedepohl. Ferner danke ich Frl. Dr. A. Heydemann für anregende Diskussionen. Herrn Dr. F. Grasenick, dem Leiter des Forschungszentrums für Elektronenmikroskopie der Hochschulen in der Steiermark, verdanke ich die elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen.  相似文献