PENSION FUND INVESTMENTS: AN INITIAL GEOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT*     

Howard A. Botts  John G. Patterson 《The Professional geographer》1987,39(4):416-427

Despite the importance of interregional shifts of capital in contributing to patterns of regional development, pension funds, a large and growing source of capital in the world, have received limited empirical investigation by geographers. An initial assessment of the geographic impact of selected pension fund investments controlled by the State of Wisconsin Investment Board (SWIB) is presented. A simple investment allocation model is employed to address several research questions. Findings indicate changes in investment categories over time and suggest interregional investment shifts that fail to fall neatly along Sunbelt/Snowbelt lines. Recent SWIB investments may be undercutting the state's competitive position with other – and in some cases Sunbelt – states.  相似文献   

The sun's magnetic sector structure     

Leif Svalgaard  John M. Wilcox  Philip H. Scherrer  Robert Howard 《Solar physics》1975,45(1):83-91

The synoptic appearance of solar magnetic sectors is studied using 454 sector boundaries observed at Earth during 1959–1973. The sectors are clearly visible in the photospheric magnetic field. Sector boundaries can be clearly identified as north-south running demarcation lines between regions of persistent magnetic polarity imbalances. These regions extend up to about 35 ° of latitude on both sides of the equator. They generally do not extend into the polar caps. The polar cap boundary can be identified as an east-west demarcation line marking the poleward limit of the sectors. The typical flux imbalance for a magnetic sector is about 4 × 10²¹ Mx.  相似文献   

An estimate of carbon emissions from 2004 wildfires across Alaskan Yukon River Basin     

Zhengxi Tan  Larry L Tieszen  Zhiliang Zhu  Shuguang Liu  Stephen M Howard 《Carbon balance and management》2007,2(1):12-8

Background  

Wildfires are an increasingly important component of the forces that drive the global carbon (C) cycle and climate change as progressive warming is expected in boreal areas. This study estimated C emissions from the wildfires across the Alaskan Yukon River Basin in 2004. We spatially related the firescars to land cover types and defined the C fractions of aboveground biomass and the ground layer (referring to the top 15 cm organic soil layer only in this paper) consumed in association with land cover types, soil drainage classes, and the C stocks in the ground layer.  相似文献   

Does piemontite represent only greenschist facies metamorphism?     

Howard L. Stensrud 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1973,40(1):79-82

Piemontite (Mn⁺³-bearing epidote) has been shown to occur stably in amphibolite facies rocks, whether or not there is coexisting garnet, so that published statements assigning piemontite exclusively to lowest greenschist facies are incorrect. Examples of such piemontite-bearing rocks are known from several areas in northern New Mexico and southern California. The associated mineral assemblage, hematite-phlogopite-microcline, reflects highly oxidizing conditions, and under such conditions Mn⁺³ can be present. During progressive metamorphism the Mn⁺³ is preferentially incorporated into piemontite rather than coexisting garnet, probably because of crystal field effects.  相似文献   

Equilibrium and time scales in geomorphology: Application to sand-bed alluvial streams     

Alan D. Howard 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(4):303-325

Equilibrium is defined as a single-valued, temporally invariant functional relationship between the values of an output variable and the values of the input variable(s) in a geomorphic system. Disequilibrium occurs if the output deviates from the functional relationship by more than a consensual degree. Natural geomorphic variables are characterized by a relaxation time. Output variables are insensitive to cyclical inputs with frequencies much greater than the relaxation time, but can respond completely for sufficiently low frequencies. Rapid trends, recent step changes or pulse inputs, and intermediate frequency inputs can cause disequilibrium. The gradient of sand-bed alluvial channels (the output variable) is determined by sediment and water delivery from slopes (the input variables), and changes in this hydraulic regime require regrading by erosion and deposition. Initial stages of adjustment to changed regime in a long, unbranched channel with sediment and water delivery only at the upstream end propagate downstream, but later stages of adjustment occur simultaneously throughout the reach. In a dendritic channel network the gradient responds rather uniformly throughout the network to changes in regime during all stages of adjustment. The time scale of adjustment to changed regime depends upon the size of the channel network (or stream length), the sediment and water discharges, and to a lesser degree upon the magnitude of the change. Grade as defined by Mackin (1948) is synonymous with equilibrium as used in this paper if ‘a period of years’ is replaced by ‘a time period commensurate with the relaxation time of the gradient’. The use of the term grade is best restricted to a single-valued relationship between channel gradient and the hydraulic regime.  相似文献   

The vorticity balance on the Southern British Columbia continental shelf     

Howard Freeland  Peter McIntosh 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):643-657

Abstract

An array of moored current meters was deployed over a canyon system on the British Columbia continental shelf in the spring of 1985 and maintained for 110 days. The array was specifically designed to monitor the various terms in the vorticity budget.

The observations indicate that the substantial variations in vorticity with time are being driven by vertical velocities originating from the head of a small canyon. These vertical velocities are in turn being directly driven by deep northward flows along the axis of the canyon and these latter flows are closely related to the southward shelf‐edge‐flow.  相似文献   

Modelling the spatial variations of wind speed and direction on Roundtop Mountain,Quebec     

Howard A. Bridgman  John L. Walmsley  Robert S. Schemenauer 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):605-619

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Geoarchaeology: Exploration,environments, resources     

Andy J. Howard 《Geoarchaeology》2000,15(8):822-824

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Holocene landscape evolution and the development of models for human interaction with the environment: An example from the mississippi headwaters region     

Howard D. Mooers  Clark A. Dobbs 《Geoarchaeology》1993,8(6):475-492

Integration of a record of Holocene landscape evolution with the cultural record from a multicomponent archaeological site in northern Minnesota has fostered the development of a regional model of human interaction with the changing physical environment. Excavation of 21-CA-169 near Nushka Lake revealed two components, an aceramic Archaic zone where processing of large mammals was the major activity and an upper zone with artifacts suggestive of wild rice processing. Seasonal occupation of the lower zone occurred during a period of falling regional lake levels resulting from natural stream network evolution. The upper zone represents human occupation in a physical and biological setting that was quite different than during earlier occupation. Integration of the geomorphic history of the region along with an interpretation of the types of cultural activities occurring on the changing landscape have provided a model to understand land use and to predict the location of other sites. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献