What can flatfish ontogenies tell us about pelagic and benthic lifestyles?     

Lee A. Fuiman 《Journal of Sea Research》1997,37(3-4)

Eye migration, asymmetrical pigmentation, and a 90° rotation in posture are developmental changes that unify all flatfishes and facilitate a transition from a pelagic to a benthic existence. Settlement places the fish in new environmental conditions which may require different types and levels of performance for survival compared to those needed in the water column. Since structure and performance vary as a consequence of ontogeny, it is likely that natural selection has acted on the ontogeny of flatfishes differently from fishes that do not settle (pelagic fishes) to provide different survival skills by the time flatfishes settle. This paper provides examples of quantitative methods for comparing fish ontogenies in the context of three predictions: (1) different flatfish species undergo settlement at a common ontogenetic state; (2) they have a common set of skills at settlement that differ from those of pelagic species of the same ontogenetic state; and (3) skills or features that appear earlier in the ontogenetic program of flatfishes than in pelagic fishes suggest attributes that are important to survival in a benthic habitat. Preliminary comparisons suggest that flatfishes may have accelerated development of their mechanosensory system relative to pelagic species. Firm conclusions about ecologically important differences between the pelagic and benthic habitats derived from analyses of ontogenetic events will require more kinds of data from a broader selection of species.  相似文献   

Processing and attenuation of noise in deep seismic-reflection data from the Gulf of Maine     

D. R. Hutchinson  M. W. Lee 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1989,11(1):51-67

The U.S. Geological Survey deep crustal studies reflection profile across the Gulf of Maine off southeastern New England was affected by three sources of noise: side-scattered noise, multiples, and 20-Hz whale sounds. The special processing most effective in minimizing this noise consisted of a combination of frequency-wavenumber (F-K) filtering, predictive deconvolution, and spectral whitening, each applied in the shot domain (prestack). Application of the F-K filter to remove side-scatter noise in the poststack domain resulted in a much poorer quality profile. The prestack noise suppression processing techniques resulted in a reflection profile with good signal-to-noise ratios and reliable strong reflections, especially at depths equivalent to the lower crust (24–34 km). Certain geologic features, such as a buried rift basin and a crustal fault are resolved much better within the upper crust after this processing. Finite difference migration of these data using realistic velocities produced excellent results. Migration was essential to distinguish between abundant dipping and subhorizontal reflections in the lower crust as well as to show an essentially transparent upper mantle.  相似文献   

Observations of upwelling around the Izu Peninsula,Japan: May 1982     

Larry P. Atkinson  Jackson O. Blanton  Charles McClain  Thomas N. Lee  Masayuki Takahashi  Takashi Ishimaru  Joji Ishizaka 《Journal of Oceanography》1987,43(2):89-103

Hydrographic observations between the Izu Peninsula and Oshima Island, Japan, in May 1982, showed upwelling around the tip of the Peninsula and possibly also in the lee of Oshima Island. The upwelling introduced water as cold as 18 C with nitrate concentrations of 3M to the surface. Temperature/salinity analyses indicated that the upwelled water was of Kuroshio characteristics. Slightly fresher water was advected out of Sagami Bay in a coastal counter current.Contribution number 470 from the Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba.  相似文献   

Wave characteristics past a flexible fishnet   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. T. Chan  S. W. C. Lee 《Ocean Engineering》2001,28(11)

The scattering of surface waves by a flexible fishnet is studied analytically. The fishnet is modelled as a porous flexible barrier displaced solely by hydrodynamic force like a catenary. The objective is to investigate how a flexible permeable barrier affects the passing waves in the way they are transmitted and reflected, as observed by the fact that the water inside a fishfarm surrounded by fishnets is significantly calmer than that outside. The boundary value problems are solved by defining the reflection coefficient in terms of velocity potential and then the full solutions are obtained by suitable application of the eigenfunction expansion method and the least squares approximation method. The variations of the reflection coefficient, hydrodynamic pressure, barrier deformation and surface wave elevation are determined with respect to the barrier length, porosity and stiffness. It is observed that as the fishnet gets more flexible, its deformation increases and the reflection coefficient decreases, whereas as the fishnet gets more porous, more water can pass through it and thus the reflection coefficient, barrier deformation and the hydrodynamic force are reduced. The flexibility of the barrier behaves like its porosity by allowing more wave energy to act on it through its deformation and hence reduce the reflection and hydrodynamic force of the incident waves acting on the barrier.  相似文献   

Real-time video mosaicking of the ocean floor   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Marks  R.L. Rock  S.M. Lee  M.J. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1995,20(3):229-241

An approach was developed for real-time creation of video mosaics of the ocean floor. The approach uses visual correspondence during both image acquisition and consolidation to insure that there are no gaps in the mosaic. The use of visual information for mosaic creation offers an accuracy previously unachievable in real time. A complete mosaicking approach was developed, including a technique for image registration and several strategies for image acquisition control. The approach was implemented and tested experimentally. Ocean-floor mosaics were created in real time using a remotely-operated vehicle. In addition, extensive mosaicking experiments were conducted in a test-tank environment using a semiautonomous underwater robot  相似文献   

Sensitivity of AUV added mass coefficients to variations in hull and control plane geometry     

Doug Perrault  Neil Bose  Siu O&#x;Young  Christopher D. Williams 《Ocean Engineering》2003,30(5):404-671

The sensitivity of the added mass coefficients of a typical autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to changes in geometric parameters was investigated. Qualitative deductions were made concerning the effect of geometric variations. Then the added mass coefficients for several configurations of body geometry were generated for the Canadian Self-Contained Off-the-shelf Underwater Testbed (C-SCOUT) vehicle using the computer program Estimate Submarine Added Mass (ESAM). The changes in the added mass coefficients have direct relationships to the varied parameter. The results presented here are specific to the C-SCOUT, but may be extended to similar axisymmetric bodies.  相似文献   

Erosion and slope instability on Horizon Guyot,Mid-Pacific Mountains     

W. C. Schwab  H. J. Lee  R. E. Kayen  P. J. Quinterno  G. B. Tate 《Geo-Marine Letters》1988,8(1):1-10

Seismic-reflection profiles, sediment cores, and current velocities were assessed to study the impact of erosion and sediment redistribution on the pelagic sediment cap of Horizon Guyot, a flat-topped submarine volcanic ridge in the Mid-Pacific Mountains. These processes seem to concentrate their effect around the rim of the sediment cap. Sediment slumping occurs on the northwest perimeter of the guyot's sediment cap. Slope stability analysis suggests that if overconsolidation on Horizon Guyot is the result of current reworking or if local undercutting by bottom currents steepens the sea floor declivity, the sediment cap may be unstable during infrequent earthquake loading, transporting sediment from the guyot summit to the abyssal sea floor.  相似文献   

Stock assessment and management implications of horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) in Korean waters, based on the relationships between recruitment and the ocean environment     

Chang Ik Zhang  Jae Bong Lee 《Progress in Oceanography》2001,49(1-4)

This study presents an example of horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) stock to demonstrate that marine environmental factors are important in stock assessment for the new Korean Total Allowable Catch (TAC)-based fisheries management system. The estimated survival rate (S) of horse mackerel ranged from 0.25 to 0.36. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality (M) was 0.48/year, and the age at first capture was 0.83 year. Annual biomass of horse mackerel in Korean waters was estimated by a biomass-based cohort analysis using annual catch in weight at age during 1965–1995. Yield-per-recruit and spawning biomass-per-recruit were estimated under various harvest strategies at F_max, F_0.1, F_30% and F_40%. A method for estimating acceptable biological catch (ABC) is proposed for dealing with the large differences in the quality and quantity of information and data available. Using recruitment of horse mackerel estimated from various spawner–recruitment relationship models combined with salinity, volume transport, and zooplankton biomass as environmental factors, the ABC under the best information available was estimated to range from 3100 to 3800 mt.  相似文献   

Geological interpretation of cone penetrometer tests in Norton Sound,Alaska   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Monty A. Hampton  Homa J. Lee  Richard M. Beard 《Geo-Marine Letters》1982,2(3-4):223-230

In situ cone-penetrometer tests at 11 stations in Norton Sound, Alaska, complement previous studies of geologic processes and provide geotechnical data for an analysis of sediment response to loading. Assessment of the penetrometer records shows that various geologic factors influence penetration resistance. On the Yukon prodelta, penetration resistance increases with the level of storm wave or ice loading. In central and eastern Norton Sound, thermogenic and biogenic gas, as well as variations in sediment texture and composition, effect a wide range of resistance to penetration.  相似文献   

The reliability of the thermodynamic constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater     

Kitack Lee  Frank J. Millero  Douglas M. Campbell 《Marine Chemistry》1996,55(3-4)

Laboratory measurements of all four CO₂ parameters [f_CO2 ( = fugacity of CO₂), pH, TCO₂ ( = total dissolved inorganic carbon), and TA ( = total alkalinity)] were made on the same sample of Gulf Stream seawater (S = 35) as a function of temperature (5–35 °C) and the ratio of TA/TCO₂ (X) (1.0–1.2). Overall the measurements were consistent to ±8 μ atm in f_CO2, ± 0.004 in pH, ± 3 μ mol kg⁻¹ in TCO₂, and ± 3 μ mol kg⁻¹ in TA with the thermodynamic constants of Goyet and Poisson (1989), Roy et al. (1993), and Millero (1995). Deviations between the measured pH, TCO₂, TA and those calculated from various input combinations increase with increasing X when the same constants are used. This trend in the deviations indicates that the uncertainties in pK₂ become important with increasing X (surface waters), but are negligible for samples with the lower X (deep waters). This trend is < 5 μ mol kg⁻¹ when the pK₂ values of Lee and Millero (1995) are used.The overall probable error of the calculated f_CO2 due to uncertainties in the accuracy of the parameters (pH, TCO₂, TA, pK₀, pk₁, and pK₂) is ± 1.2%, which is similar to the differences between the measured values and those calculated using the thermodynamic constants of Millero (1995).The calculated values of pK₁, (from f_CO2-TCO₂-TA) agree to within ± 0.004 compared to the results of Dickson and Millero (1987), Goyet and Poisson (1989), Roy et al. (1993), and Millero (1995) over the same experimental conditions. The calculated values of pK₂ (from pH-TCO₂-TA) are in good agreement (± 0.004) with the results of Lee and Millero (1995) and also in reasonable agreement (± 0.008) with the results of Goyet and Poisson (1989), Roy et al. (1993), and Millero (1995). The salinity dependence of our derived values of pK₁ and pK₂, (S = 35) can be estimated using the equations determined by Millero (1995).  相似文献