Total and methylmercury in a Brazilian estuary,Rio de Janeiro     

Kehrig HA  Costa M  Moreira I  Malm O 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(10):1018-1023

Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro state, is impacted by organic matter, oil and heavy metals. The present study evaluated the total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and the MeHg to THg ratio (%MeHg) in water samples from different points of the bay and in 245 organisms of three different trophic levels sampled between 1990 and 2000. Dissolved mercury concentration in estuarine water samples ranged from 0.72 to 5.23 ngl(-1). THg and MeHg in mussel, ranging from 11.6 to 53.5 microg THg kg(-1) wet wt. and 4.5-21.0 microg MeHg kg(-1) wet wt., varied according to sampling point and water quality. Planktivorous fish and mussel presented similar MeHg concentrations, meanwhile THg in planktivorous fish were lower than in mussel. Carnivorous fish showed higher THg and MeHg concentrations (199.5 +/- 119.3, 194.7 +/- 112.7 microg kg(-1) wet wt. respectively) than organisms from other feeding habits and lower trophic levels. There was a significant difference in the %MeHg among trophic levels: mussel presented lower MeHg percentage (33%) than planktivorous fish (54%) and carnivorous fish (98%).  相似文献   

Environmental transformation of the Bilbao estuary,N. Spain: microfaunal and geochemical proxies in the recent sedimentary record     

Cearreta A  Irabien MJ  Leorri E  Yusta I  Quintanilla A  Zabaleta A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(6):487-503

The distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera and a range of elements have been analysed in six long cores (up to 10 m long) from the Bilbao estuary, N. Spain, to document environmental transformation of this estuarine ecosystem and to determine sediment contamination levels. Three different environmental zones could be distinguished in the recent sedimentary record based on its microfaunal and geochemical contents. Initially, a pre-industrial zone containing very abundant and diverse foraminiferal assemblages together with baseline metal levels. Secondly, an older industrial zone exhibiting co-existence of abundant and diverse foraminiferal assemblages with high concentrations of metals. Finally, a younger industrial zone with extreme concentrations of metals and barren of indigenous foraminifera. This environmental transformation has been caused by the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents during the last 150 years. The occurrence of foraminifera in the two industrial zones and along the estuary is not related to defined levels of metals, and this seems to confirm oxygen limitation as the key factor to explain complete estuarine defaunation during deposition of the younger industrial zone (period 1950-2000). Effectiveness of current regeneration schemes could be assessed using microfaunal and geochemical proxies as environmental quality indicators.  相似文献   

A Model for the Quiescent Phase of the Recurrent Nova U Scorpii     

Hachisu I  Kato M  Kato T  Matsumoto K  Nomoto K 《The Astrophysical journal》2000,534(2):L189-L192

A theoretical light curve is constructed for the quiescent phase of the recurrent nova U Scorpii in order to resolve the existing distance discrepancy between the outbursts (d approximately 6 kpc) and the quiescences (d approximately 14 kpc). Our U Sco model consists of a very massive white dwarf (WD), an accretion disk (ACDK) with a flaring-up rim, and a lobe-filling, slightly evolved, main-sequence star (MS). The model properly includes an accretion luminosity of the WD, a viscous luminosity of the ACDK, and a reflection effect of the MS and the ACDK irradiated by the WD photosphere. The B light curve is well reproduced by a model of 1.37 M middle dot in circle WD + 1.5 M middle dot in circle MS (0.8-2.0 M middle dot in circle MS is acceptable) with an ACDK having a flaring-up rim and the inclination angle of the orbit i approximately 80&j0;. The calculated color is rather blue (B-V approximately 0.0) for a suggested mass accretion rate of 2.5x10-7 M middle dot in circle yr-1, thus indicating a large color excess of E(B-V) approximately 0.56 with the observational color of B-V=0.56 in quiescence. Such a large color excess corresponds to an absorption of AV approximately 1.8 and AB approximately 2.3, which reduces the distance to 6-8 kpc. This is in good agreement with the distance estimation of 4-6 kpc for the latest outburst. Such a large intrinsic absorption is very consistent with the recently detected period change of U Sco, which is indicating a mass outflow of approximately 3x10-7 M middle dot in circle yr-1 through the outer Lagrangian points in quiescence.  相似文献   

ASCA Observation of the Quiescent X-Ray Counterpart to SGR 1627-41     

Hurley K  Strohmayer T  Li P  Kouveliotou C  Woods P  van Paradijs J  Murakami T  Hartmann D  Smith I  Ando M  Yoshida A  Sugizaki M 《The Astrophysical journal》2000,528(1):L21-L23

We present a 2-10 keV ASCA observation of the field around the soft gamma repeater SGR 1627-41. A quiescent X-ray source, whose position is consistent both with that of a recently discovered BeppoSAX X-ray source and with the Interplanetary Network localization for this soft gamma repeater, was detected in this observation. In 2-10 keV X-rays, the spectrum of the X-ray source may be fit equally well by a power-law, blackbody, or bremsstrahlung function, with unabsorbed flux approximately 5x10-12 ergs cm-2 s-1. We do not confirm a continuation of a fading trend in the flux, and we find no evidence for periodicity, both of which were noted in the earlier BeppoSAX observations.  相似文献   

Supernova Sources and the 92Nb-92Zr p-Process Chronometer     

Yin QZ  Jacobsen SB  McDonough WF  Horn I  Petaev MI  Zipfel J 《The Astrophysical journal》2000,536(1):L49-L53

We report new Zr isotope evidence for live (92)Nb (mean life: tau&d1;92Nb=52 Myr) within the early solar system resulting in &parl0;92Nb&solm0;93Nb&parr0;initial approximately 10-3. The meteoritic minerals rutile and zircon have, respectively, very high and very low Nb/Zr ratios and are ideal for exploring the (92)Nb-(92)Zr chronometer. Rutiles exhibit high positive straightepsilon92Zr ( approximately 14-36) while a zircon has a negative straightepsilon92Zr ( approximately -4), as would be expected if (92)Nb was live in the early solar system. The meteoritic rutiles appear to be young, with apparent times of formation of approximately 80-220 Myr subsequent to the origin of the solar system. The initial (92)Nb/(92)Mo for the solar system is broadly compatible with a model of uniform production if the (92)Nb/(92)Mo production ratio for Type II supernova (SNII) sources with neutrino-driven winds is used. Data for all the now extinct p-process nuclides ((92)Nb, (97)Tc, and (146)Sm) are consistent with these isotopes being derived by uniform production from SNII sources and a free decay interval of approximately 10 Myr. Consideration of a range of models indicates that the average p-process production ratio of (92)Nb/(92)Mo needs to be at least in the range of 0.06-0.25.  相似文献   

Runaway of Line-driven Winds toward Critical and Overloaded Solutions     

Feldmeier A  Shlosman I 《The Astrophysical journal》2000,532(2):L125-L128

Line-driven winds from hot stars and accretion disks are thought to follow a unique, critical solution that corresponds to a maximum mass-loss rate and a particular velocity law. We show that in the presence of negative velocity gradients, radiative-acoustic (Abbott) waves can drive shallow wind solutions toward larger velocities and mass-loss rates. Perturbations that are introduced downstream from the critical point of the wind lead to a convergence toward the critical solution. By contrast, low-lying perturbations cause evolution toward a mass-overloaded solution, developing a broad deceleration region in the wind. Such a wind differs fundamentally from the critical solution. For sufficiently deep-seated perturbations, overloaded solutions become time-dependent and develop shocks and shells.  相似文献   

短周期面波的自动检测算法     

I.M.Tibuleac  J.M.Britton  李忠伟 《世界地震译丛》2006,(6):32-42

给出了一种短周期瑞雷(Rg)波的自动检测器,其目的是用于三分量台站所记录到的区域(<2.5°震中距)事件。该检测器以17～22s的瑞雷波自动检波方法为模型;我们已经修改了用在近距离和短周期的算法。我们对该检测器在印度中部一群定位很好的矿山爆破和该地区一组地面实测事件进行了检验。Rg波检测器结合了半自动的事件检测系统和定位算法,并被用在连续数据上。为进行前置滤波,对傅里叶方法和基于小波的方法进行了评估。在小波前置滤波后,我们看到了用Rg波检测器估算的后方位角标准偏差的样本,它与系列事件fk3CP波的后方位角相当。结果表明,用Rg震相后方位角定位与用小信噪比的初至震相后方位角定位这两种方法是兼容的。相对于傅里叶前置滤波而言,我们更推荐小波前置滤波,因为在近距离上,在低信噪比的背景上检波,小波前置滤波的一致性更好。  相似文献   

Provenance of Precambrian Fe- and Al-rich Metapelites in the Yenisey Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau, Siberia： Geochemical Signatures   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Igor I. LIKHANOV  Vladimir V. REVERDATTO 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,81(3):409-423

Major, trace and rare earth element contents of Fe- and Al-rich metapelites from the Korda （Yenisey Ridge） and Amar （Kuznetsk Alatau） formations were determined to examine the nature, origin and evolution of their protoliths. Results indicate that these rocks are the redeposited and metamorphosed products of Precambrian kaolinitic weathering crusts, while the geochemical distinctions between the studied metapelites are determined by different weathering conditions in the source area and tectonic settings. The protolith of the Korda Formation metapelites was produced by erosion products of the post-Archean granitoid rocks, which accumulated under humid climate conditions in shallow-water basins along the continental margin. The geochemical characteristics of the deeper primary deposits of the Amar Formation suggest that volcanogenic material of mafic composition derived from an island-arc environment had a major role in supplying the erosion zone. These results agree with lithofacies data and with the geodynamic reconstruction of the evolution of the Yenisey Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, respectively. It was shown that REEs had limited mobility during contact metamorphism. The coherent mobility of REEs during collisional metamorphism may be attributed both to mineral reactions responsible for modal changes and to local chemical heterogeneity inherited from the initial protolith.  相似文献   

澳大利亚造山型金矿和侵入岩有关金矿系统流体包裹体资料和矿化过程的比较   总被引：8，自引：7，他引：8  

T.P.Memagh E.N.Bastrakov Khin Zaw A.S.Wygralak L.A.I.Wybom 《岩石学报》2007,23(1):21-32

We have examined the fluid inclusion data and fluid chemistry of Australian orogenic and intrusion-related gold deposits to determine if similar mineralization processes apply to both styles of deposits.The fluid inclusion data from the Yilgarn craton,the western subprovince of the Lachlan orogen,the Tanami,Tennant Creek and Pine Creek regions,and the Telfer gold mine show that mineralization involved fluids with broadly similar major chemical components(i.e.H_2O NaCl CO_2±CH_4±N_2).These deposits formed over a wide range of temperature-pressure conditions(<200 to>500℃,<100～400MPa).Low salinity, CO_2-bearing inclusions and low salinity aqueous inclusions occur in both systems but the main difference between these two types of deposits is that most intrusion-related gold deposits also contain at least one population of high-salinity aqueous brine.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for both styles of deposit usually cannot distinguish between a magmatic or metamorphic source for the ore-bearing fluids.However,sulfur and lead isotope data for the intrusion-related gold deposits generally indicate either a magmatic source or mixing between magmatic and sedimentary sources of fluid.The metamorphic geothermal gradients associated with intrusion-related gold deposits are characterized by low pressure,high temperature metamorphism and high crustal geothermal gradients of>30/km.Where amphibole breakdown occurs in a granite source region,the spatially related deposits are more commonly associated with Cu-Au deposits rather than Au-only deposits that are associated with lower temperature granites.The dominant processes thought to cause gold precipitation in both types of deposits are fluid-rock interaction(e.g.desulfidation)or phase separation.Consideration of the physical and chemical properties of the H_2O-NaCl-CO_2 system on the nature of gold precipitation mechanisms at different crustal levels infers different roles of chemical(fluid-rock interaction)versus rheological(phase separation and/or fluid mixing)host-rock controls on gold deposition.This also implies that at the site of deposition,similar precipitation mechanisms operate at similar crustal levels for both orogenic and intrusion-related gold deposits.  相似文献   

统计物理,孕震过程及地震危险性（一）     

I.Main  石耀霖  马丽 《世界地震译丛》1998,(5):83-88

地震活动的标度性表现出与统计物理中处于临界点及附近的其他复杂系统的显著的相似性。这导致了作为临界现象的孕震过程的各种物理模型的发展,包括由大量离散单元组成的物质中存在的局部非线性动力机制,表现出不稳定性和雪崩式过程的简化的流变性。特别是有人认为,地震可作为“自组织临界现象”的一个例子,类似于沙堆在持续地从顶部供应砂粒的情况下自然形成临界角的情况。在这个处于稳定边缘的状态下,雪崩能量的分布满足幂律,等价于古登堡-里克特频度-震级定律,并且其动力学行为对于动力学细节相对不敏感。在此我们回顾了以下几种不同尺度的模拟孕震过程的复杂物理模型的结果:(1)断层上的动态滑动;(2)断层扩展;(3)断层形成。每个物理模型都具有一些共同的特性,比如在常应变率构造加载作用下的动态能量流、强烈的局部相互作用和由动态的或固定的物体不均匀性产生的涨落。但是它们在假定的动力机制细节上和数值方法上差异显著。然而,所有这些模型都存在临界或近临界特性,定量上具有与所观测的脆性断层及地震的分维或多分维标度律相吻合的性质,包括古登堡-里克特频度-震级定律。有些结果对于动力机制细节很敏感,因此不是自组织临界性的严格例子。不过,这些不同的物理模型的结果具有一些普遍的统计特性,类似于在许多临界现象中所见的普适性。这些普适性在地震危险性概率评估的实际问题中具有重要意义。尤其是,各种自组织临界性(或近临界性)概念为在地震危险性评估中作为第一步的“稳态”的假定提供了一个科学基础。无论是在观测中还是在模型中,古登堡-里克特定律(能量或地震矩的幂律)只适用于有限尺度范围。相应地,频度-震级分布可以用能量或地震矩分布的伽玛函数来表示(其中包括了一个幂律和一个指数衰减的尾)。这允许频度-震级分布的外推和由所测地震矩或构造矩释放率来估计最大可信震级。对提出的其他问题的回答不太清晰,例如在有强烈局域相互作用的系统中预先作泊松过程假定有何影响,以及用光滑的多边形对多分维的震中分布进行分区的影响。有些模型的结果给出了可以作为主震前兆的地震活动性的预警图象。然而,无论在理论上还是在实践上,对于可靠的中期预测的可能性及有关问题,仍没有达到共识。  相似文献