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21.
Seda Sendir Torisu Junichi Sato Ikuo Towhata Tsuyoshi Honda 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010
This paper concerns technological efforts for the general acceptance of performance-based seismic design principle of geotechnical structures. Among many problems to be solved, a particular emphasis was placed on the prediction of residual displacement that remains after a strong earthquake. Because of the complicated behavior of soils undergoing cyclic loading, the prediction is often either complicated/costly or not very accurate. The aim of this study is to examine the capability of existing prediction measures and propose some future scopes. To achieve these goals, shaking table model tests and laboratory shear tests were conducted by taking fill dams as an example target structure. It is concluded that performance-based design is possible if the necessary time and cost are spent and if the required accuracy of prediction is reasonable. 相似文献
22.
23.
Rolando P. Orense Andrew Zapanta Jr. Akinori Hata Ikuo Towhata 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(1):129-161
Recent volcanic eruptions at Mt. Unzen (Japan) in 1990 and Mt. Pinatubo (Philippines) in 1991 produced voluminous amounts
of ash and sediments which inundated widespread areas. In later rehabilitation and reconstruction, it is practical and economical
to use these freshly deposited sediments as materials for foundations and embankments. However, the geotechnical properties
of young volcanic products have not been fully investigated. Accordingly, we investigated the geotechnical characteristics
of volcanic soils associated with three recent eruptions, namely, the Unzen and Izu-Oshima eruptions of 1990 and 1986, respectively,
in Japan and the Pinatubo eruption of 1991 in the Philippines. We specifically investigated index properties, permeability
and compaction characteristics, and strength and deformation behavior in drained conditions. Additionally, we examined the
dynamic properties and liquefaction characteristics of samples taken from Mt. Pinatubo. The results showed that the geotechnical
characteristics of the deposits generally varied with the sampling sites. Depending on the location, either upstream or downstream
from a volcano, the preferential sizing due to alluvial deposition affects engineering properties of the deposits. For example,
volcanic sediments upstream from Mt. Pinatubo have high compressibility and low cyclic strength, whereas those taken downstream
show dilative tendencies and high liquefaction strength. 相似文献
24.
Michiyo Sawai Ikuo Katayama Arisa Hamada Makoto Maeda Satoru Nakashima 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2013,40(4):319-330
The dehydration kinetics of serpentine was investigated using in situ high-temperature infrared microspectroscopy. The analyzed antigorite samples at room temperature show relatively sharp bands at around 3,655–3,660 cm?1 (band 1), 3,570–3,595 cm?1 (band 2), and 3,450–3,510 cm?1 (band 3). Band 1 corresponds to the Mg–OH bond, and bands 2 and 3 correspond to OH associated with the substitution of Al for Si. Isothermal kinetic heating experiments at temperatures ranging from 625 to 700 °C showed a systematic decrease of the OH band absorbance with heating duration. The one-dimensional diffusion was found to provide the best fit to the experimental data, and diffusion coefficients were determined with activation energies of 219 ± 37 kJ mol?1 for the total water band area, 245 ± 46 kJ mol?1 for band 1, 243 ± 57 kJ mol?1 for band 2, and 256 ± 53 kJ mol?1 for band 3. The results indicate that the dehydration process is controlled by one-dimensional diffusion through the tetrahedral geometry of serpentine. Fluid production rates during antigorite dehydration were calculated from kinetic data and range from 3 × 10?4 to 3 × 10?5 $ {\text{m}}_{\text{fluid}}^{ 3} \,{\text{m}}_{\text{rock}}^{ - 3} \,{\text{s}}^{ - 1} $ . The rates are high enough to provoke hydraulic rupture, since the relaxation rates of rocks are much lower than these values. The results suggest that the rapid dehydration of antigorite can trigger an intermediate-depth earthquake associated with a subducting slab. 相似文献
25.
Putti Swathi Priyadarsini Devarakonda Neelima Satyam Towhata Ikuo 《Natural Hazards》2019,97(2):555-578
Natural Hazards - Ground motion intensity due to an earthquake changes as it disseminates through the soil media from bedrock to the surface. As the ground motion intensity and damage levels mainly... 相似文献
26.
Albite porphyroblasts in a basic schist of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt (Besshi—Bashi, Central Shikoku) show zonal variation of inclusions defined by inclusion-free mantles and inclusion-rich cores, though matrix minerals are partly incorporated in the outer zones of the mantles. From comparison of the crystallographic and dimensional fabrics of inclusion and matrix epidote, it has been concluded that the orientation of the principal axes of strain was different for the deformation of matrix fabrics and inclusion fabrics (fabrics produced before formation of cores). Inclusion amphibole in the cores belongs to the actinolite—common hornblende group, with Si content more than 7.0, whereas amphibole in the matrix and outer zones of mantles belongs to the common hornblende group, with Si content less than 7.1. This shows that the metamorphic temperature was higher during the phase of formation of the outer zones of the mantles than during that of the cores. The average direction of maximum growth of the mantles, which has been estimated from differences between the average shapes of porphyroblasts and those of cores, is parallel to the linear orientation of amphibole and epidote in the matrix. The average direction of minimum growth of the mantles coincides with the normal to the schistosity of the matrix. The mantles appear to be of the same generation as the matrix fabrics. 相似文献
27.
Eight clinopyroxenes from wehrlites and clinopyroxenites and three clinopyroxenes of crystal lapilli in tuff of Dreiser Weiher in Eifel, Germany, have been separated and chemically analysed. One hornblende and two phlogopites from a wehrlite and clinopyroxenites have also been analysed. The rocks enclosing these inclusions are alkali basalts of basanite composition. The analysed clinopyroxenes contain considerable amounts of Al2O3 (3.87–10.84 wt%). The calculated Tschermak's component ranges from 5.9 to 18.4 mol per cent. All of the analysed clinopyroxenes are clearly different from chromian diopsides in lherzolite inclusions in basaltic rocks in Dreiser Weiher and other localities; the former has higher contents of total FeO, CaO and TiO2 and lower contents of MgO and Cr2O3 than the latter. Two clinopyroxenes separated from apatite-bearing clinopyroxenites show high contents of Fe2O3 with about 2 per cent of Na2O, indicating the presence of considerable amounts of acmite component in addition to Tschermak's component. The relative proportions of Al in the tetrahedral site and that in the octahedral site in the analysed clinopyroxenes are clearly different from those of the common igneous clinopyroxenes and eclogites, and similar to those of the clinopyroxenes from other inclusions in basaltic rocks and granulites. It is suggested that all the analysed clinopyroxenes and their host inclusions have crystallized from alkali basalt magmas in relatively deep levels of the continental crust. 相似文献
28.
29.
Asten Michael W. Yong Alan Foti Sebastiano Hayashi Koichi Martin Antony J. Stephenson William J. Cassidy John F. Coleman Jacie Nigbor Robert Castellaro Silvia Chimoto Kosuke Cornou Cécile Cho Ikuo Hayashida Takumi Hobiger Manuel Kuo Chun-Hsiang Macau Albert Mercerat E. Diego Molnar Sheri Pananont Passakorn Pilz Marco Poovarodom Nakhorn Sáez Esteban Wathelet Marc Yamanaka Hiroaki Yokoi Toshiaki Zhao Don 《Journal of Seismology》2022,26(4):757-780
Journal of Seismology - Site response is a critical consideration when assessing earthquake hazards. Site characterization is key to understanding site effects as influenced by seismic site... 相似文献
30.
Toshiya?NakanoEmail author Ikuo?Kaneko Masahiro?Endoh Masafumi?Kamachi 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(4):681-697
We investigated the variation of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) distribution in the western North Pacific, focusing on the intermediate salinity minimum (S < 34.2) core observed along the meridional hydrographic sections including the 137°E repeat section by the Japan Meteorological Agency. This core is a cross-section of a low salinity tongue extending westward along the recirculation in the subtropical gyre. The core size shows remarkable variabilities in interannual and decadal time scales. The salinity change in the density layer during the period of core expansion (shrinking) represents the spatial salinity change in the tongue toward the west (east). Thus, we conclude that the core size variation is associated with the zonal wobble of the tongue having thicker distribution to the east, rather than temporal changes of the water mass itself. The core size at 137°E is well correlated with the meridional gradient of the depth in the isopycnal surface at the salinity minimum representing the recirculation intensity, suggesting a relation with the intensity of the subtropical gyre. A significant lag-correlation between the gradient and the wind forcing over the North Pacific suggests that the first mode baroclinic Rossby waves excited in the central North Pacific propagated westward to change the intensity of the recirculation in interannual time scales. In decadal time scales, it is found that the wind stress curl and heat flux fields in the North Pacific precede the recirculation by about 11 years. 相似文献