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221.
Plastic pellets have been characterized as toxic pollutant carriers throughout the world oceans and coastal zones. However, their sorptive properties are not yet well understood. In the present study, virgin pellets and plastic eroded pellets (PEP) are used to elucidate their distribution characteristics through distribution kinetic studies. Distribution occurs through diffusion into the pellet for all materials (polyethylene, polyoxymethylene, and PEP) except polypropylene (PP). Although diffusion into the polymer happens with similar rates for both freshwater and saltwater external solutions, apparent diffusion is dependent on the solution salinity because it results in higher equilibrium distribution coefficients. Distribution coefficient into the PEP is higher and diffusion is slower than into the virgin materials. This is attributed to increased crystallinity of the PEP due to weathering. PP demonstrates diffusion rates that are increased by salinity and is apparently faster than into the other polymers suggesting a surface diffusion process. 相似文献
222.
Closed form solutions for transforming 3D Cartesian to geodetic coordinates reduce the problem to finding the real solutions
of the fourth degree latitude equation or variations of it. By using symbolic tools (Sturm–Habicht coefficients and subresultants
mainly) we study the methods (and polynomials) proposed by Vermeille and Borkowski to solve this problem. For Vermeille approach,
the region where it cannot be applied is completely characterized. For those points it is shown how to transform 3D Cartesian
to geodetic coordinates and a new method for solving Vermeille equation for those cases not yet covered is introduced. Concerning
Borkowski’s approach, the symbolic analysis produces a complete characterization of the singular cases (i.e. where multiple
roots appear). 相似文献