On the Space-Time Structure of Sheared Turbulence     

Martin de Maré  Jakob Mann 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2016,158(3):453-471

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The geology of the oslo region,and the adjacent sparagmite district     

Olaf Holtedahl  Jakob Schetelig  Halvor Rosendahl  Leif Størmer 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1934,45(3):314-IN14

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A stabilized assumed deformation gradient finite element formulation for strongly coupled poromechanical simulations at finite strain     

WaiChing Sun  Jakob T. Ostien  Andrew G. Salinger 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(16):2755-2788

An adaptively stabilized finite element scheme is proposed for a strongly coupled hydro‐mechanical problem in fluid‐infiltrating porous solids at finite strain. We first present the derivation of the poromechanics model via mixture theory in large deformation. By exploiting assumed deformation gradient techniques, we develop a numerical procedure capable of simultaneously curing the multiple‐locking phenomena related to shear failure, incompressibility imposed by pore fluid, and/or incompressible solid skeleton and produce solutions that satisfy the inf‐sup condition. The template‐based generic programming and automatic differentiation (AD) techniques used to implement the stabilized model are also highlighted. Finally, numerical examples are given to show the versatility and efficiency of this model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core,and selected auxiliary records     

Mike Walker  Sigfus Johnsen  Sune Olander Rasmussen  Trevor Popp  Jørgen‐Peder Steffensen  Phil Gibbard  Wim Hoek  John Lowe  John Andrews  Svante Björck  Les C. Cwynar  Konrad Hughen  Peter Kershaw  Bernd Kromer  Thomas Litt  David J. Lowe  Takeshi Nakagawa  Rewi Newnham  Jakob Schwander 《第四纪科学杂志》2009,24(1):3-17

The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in δ¹⁸O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi‐parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2 k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary have also been recognised. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Longitudinal effects of experimental floods on stream benthos downstream from a large dam     

Christian?Jakob  Christopher?T.?RobinsonEmail author  Urs?Uehlinger 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2003,65(3):223-231

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Immiscible silicate liquid partition coefficients: implications for crystal-melt element partitioning and basalt petrogenesis   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Ilya V. Veksler  Alexander M. Dorfman  Leonid V. Danyushevsky  Jakob K. Jakobsen  Donald B. Dingwell 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,152(6):685-702

This study investigates partitioning of elements between immiscible aluminosilicate and borosilicate liquids using three synthetic mixtures doped with 32 trace elements. In order to get a good spatial separation of immiscible liquids, we employed a high-temperature centrifuge. Experiments were performed at 1,050–1,150°C, 1 atm, in sealed Fe and Pt containers. Quenched products were analysed by electron microprobe and LA ICP-MS. Nernst partition coefficients (D’s) between the Fe-rich and Si-rich aluminosilicate immiscible liquids are the highest for Zn (3.3) and Fe (2.6) and the lowest for Rb and K (0.4–0.5). The plots of D values against ionic potential Z/r in all the compositions show a convex upward trend, which is typical also for element partitioning between immiscible silicate and salt melts. The results bear upon the speciation and structural position of elements in multicomponent silicate liquids. The ferrobasalt–rhyolite liquid immiscibility is observed in evolved basaltic magmas, and may play an important role in large gabbroic intrusions, such as Skaergaard, and during the generation of unusual lavas, such as ferropicrites.  相似文献   

Electrons in feldspar I: on the wavefunction of electrons trapped at simple lattice defects     

N. R. J. Poolton  J. Wallinga  A. S. Murray  E. Bulur  L. Bøtter-Jensen 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(3):210-216

 The purpose of this article is to make an initial consideration of the physical properties of electrons trapped at classic hydrogenic lattice defects in feldspar. We are particularly interested to determine the radial extent of the electron wavefunctions in the ground and excited states. It is shown that for NaAlSi₃O₈, the ground-state wavefunction is expected to be confined well within a single lattice unit cell, but the first excited state is far more extensive, being spread over several unit cells. This aspect is of direct relevance to understanding the nature of various luminescence processes in the materials. Under low-energy optical stimulation (hν∼ 1.4 eV), luminescence can be a competitive process between direct electron-hole tunnelling recombination (with the charge still trapped at the defect sites), and free-to-bound recombination (after the excited state electron accesses the conduction band). We show that analysis of the thermal behaviour of the luminescence can be used to separate the two processes. Received: 6 March 2001 / Accepted: 6 September 2001  相似文献   

High-resolution optical dating of Late Holocene storm surge deposits – a showcase from Schokland (Noordoostpolder,the Netherlands)     

D.F.A.M. van den Biggelaar  J. Wallinga  R.T. van Balen  C. Kasse  S. Troelstra  S.J. Kluiving 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(4):886-899

Storm surges have a major impact on land use and human habitation in coastal regions. Our knowledge of this impact can be improved by correlating long-term historical storm records with sedimentary evidence of storm surges, but so far few studies have applied such an approach. Here we apply, for the first time, state-of-the-art optically stimulating luminescence (OSL) methods to obtain high-resolution age information on a sequence of Late Holocene storm surge deposits. By combining this chronological framework of storm surges with other reconstruction methods, we investigate the storm surge impact on the former island Schokland, located in a former inlet of the North Sea (central Netherlands).During the Late Holocene, Schokland transformed from a peat area that gradually inundated (~800 CE) via an island in a marginal marine environment (~1600 CE) to a land-locked island in the reclaimed Province of Flevoland (1942 CE). These transitions are recorded in the sediment archive of the island, consisting of silty clay with sandy intervals deposited during storm surges. A series of ten quartz OSL ages, obtained using best-practice methods to deal with incomplete resetting of the OSL signal and dose rate heterogeneity, reveal two periods of storm surge deposition, around 1600 CE and between 1742 and 1822 CE. Historical sources indicate that major storm surges hit Schokland during these periods. Laboratory analyses (thermogravimetry, grain-size, foraminifera, bivalves and ostracods) corroborates the existence of the two sets of storm surge deposits within the clay sequence. Our study sets a benchmark for obtaining robust depositional age constraints from storm surge sediments, and demonstrates the great potential of modern OSL methods to contribute to improved assessment of storm surge risk. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Bioturbation and erosion rates along the soil-hillslope conveyor belt,part 1: Insights from single-grain feldspar luminescence     

Andrea Román-Sánchez  Tony Reimann  Jakob Wallinga  Tom Vanwalleghem 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(10):2051-2065

The interplay of bioturbation, soil production and long-term erosion–deposition in soil and landscape co-evolution is poorly understood. Single-grain post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) measurements on sand-sized grains of feldspar from the soil matrix can provide direct information on all three processes. To explore the potential of this novel method, we propose a conceptual model of how post-IR IRSL-derived burial age and fraction of surface-visiting grains change with soil depth and along a hillslope catena. We then tested this conceptual model by comparison with post-IR IRSL results for 15 samples taken at different depths within four soil profiles along a hillslope catena in the Santa Clotilde Critical Zone Observatory (southern Spain). In our work, we observed clear differences in apparent post-IR IRSL burial age distributions with depth along the catena, with younger ages and more linear age–depth structure for the hill-base profile, indicating the influence of lateral deposition processes. We noted shallower soils and truncated burial age–depth functions for the two erosional mid-slope profiles, and an exponential decline of burial age with depth for the hill-top profile. We suggest that the downslope increase in the fraction of surface-visiting grains at intermediate depths (20 cm) indicates creep to be the dominant erosion process. Our study demonstrates that single-grain feldspar luminescence signature-depth profiles provide a new way of tracing vertical and lateral soil mixing and transport processes. In addition, we propose a new objective luminescence-based criterion for mapping the soil-bedrock boundary, thus producing soil depths in better agreement with geomorphological process considerations. Our work highlights the possibilities of feldspar single grain techniques to provide quantitative insights into soil production, bioturbation and erosion–deposition. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Regional debris-flow and debris-flood frequency–magnitude relationships     

Matthias Jakob  Emily Mark  Scott McDougall  Pierre Friele  Carie-Ann Lau  Stephanie Bale 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(12):2954-2964

Construction of frequency–magnitude (F–M) relationships of debris floods and debris flows is challenging because of few direct observations, discontinuous event occurrence, loss of field evidence, the difficulty of accessing the sediment archive and the challenge of finding suitable statistical methods to analyse the dataset. Consultants often face budget limitations that prohibit application of the full gamut of absolute dating methods, stratigraphic analysis and analytical tools necessary to fully resolve the F–M legacy. In some cases, F–M curves are needed for watersheds without local information, or where obtaining this information is prohibitively expensive. For such watersheds, the F–M relationship may be estimated where several F–M curves have already been assembled in a specific region. Individual F–M curves are normalized by fan area or fan volume, then stratified by process type and geomorphic activity level. This paper describes the development of regional F–M curves for debris flows in southwestern British Columbia and debris flows and debris floods in the Bow River valley near Canmore, Alberta. We apply the regional relationships to other cases in Canada and the United States and demonstrate that the method can be globalized. The regional approach is compared to cases where detailed F–M relationships have been established by other means. Strong negative deviations from the regional debris-flow or debris-flood magnitude trends could signal inherent watershed stability, while strong positive deviations could signal extraordinary landslide processes, or suggest that the fan may be largely of paraglacial origin. We highlight some of these outlying cases and develop a method whereby the regional curves can be meaningfully adjusted, or reliance can be placed on lower or upper confidence bounds of the F–M curves. We caution against the indiscriminate use of the regionally based F–M curves, especially in watersheds where multiple geomorphic processes are active. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献