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Michael R. Collier H. Kent Hills Timothy J. Stubbs Jasper S. Halekas Gregory T. Delory Jared Espley William M. Farrell John W. Freeman Richard Vondrak 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(14):1727-1743
We report an analysis of one year of Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) Total Ion Detector (TID) “resonance” events observed between January 1972 and January 1973. The study includes only those events during which upstream solar wind conditions were readily available. The analysis shows that these events are associated with lunar traversals through the dawn flank of the terrestrial magnetospheric bow shock. We propose that the events result from an increase in lunar surface electric potential effected by secondary electron emission due to primary electrons in the Earth's foreshock region (although primary ions may play a role as well). This work establishes (1) the lunar surface potential changes as the Moon moves through the terrestrial bow shock, (2) the lunar surface achieves potentials in the upstream foreshock region that differ from those in the downstream magnetosheath region, (3) these differences can be explained by the presence of energetic electron beams in the upstream foreshock region and (4) if this explanation is correct, the location of the Moon with respect to the terrestrial bow shock influences lunar surface potential. 相似文献
164.
A methodology for quantifying the value of spatial information for dynamic Earth problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Whitney J. Trainor-Guitton Tapan Mukerji Rosemary Knight 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2013,27(4):969-983
We develop a methodology for assessing the value of information (VOI) from spatial data for groundwater decisions. Two sources of uncertainty are the focus of this VOI methodology: the spatial heterogeneity (how it influences the hydrogeologic response of interest) and the reliability of geophysical data (how they provide information about the spatial heterogeneity). An existing groundwater situation motivates and in turn determines the scope of this research. The objectives of this work are to (1) represent the uncertainty of the dynamic hydrogeologic response due to spatial heterogeneity, (2) provide a quantitative measure for how well a particular information reveals this heterogeneity (the uncertainty of the information) and (3) use both of these to propose a VOI workflow for spatial decisions and spatial data. The uncertainty of the hydraulic response is calculated using many Earth models that are consistent with the a priori geologic information. The information uncertainty is achieved quantitatively through Monte Carlo integration and geostatistical simulation. Two VOI results are calculated which demonstrate that a higher VOI occurs when the geophysical attribute (the data) better discriminates between geological indicators. Although geophysical data can only indirectly measure static properties that may influence the dynamic response, this transferable methodology provides a framework to estimate the value of spatial data given a particular decision scenario. 相似文献
165.
Jinyuan Yan Bin Chen Selva Vennila Raju Budhiram K. Godwal Alastair A. MacDowell Jason Knight Hongwei Ma Quentin Williams 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2012,39(4):269-275
The high-pressure behavior of HgO-montroydite was investigated up to 36.5 GPa using angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction. The
tetragonal phase of this material (HgO-II), a distortion of the NaCl structure, transforms into the cubic NaCl structure (HgO-III)
above ~31.5 GPa. The transformation of mercury oxide from the orthorhombic Pnma (HgO-I) structure to a tetragonal I4/mmm structure
(HgO-II) is confirmed to occur at 13.5 ± 1.5 GPa. Neither of the high-pressure phases, HgO-II nor HgO-III, is quenchable in
pressure. The derived isothermal bulk modulus of HgO-II and its pressure derivative strongly depend on the assumed zero-pressure
volume of this phase, but our elasticity results on HgO-II nevertheless lie significantly closer to theoretical calculations
than prior experimental results, and the measured pressure of the phase transformation to the NaCl structure is also in agreement
with recent theoretical results. The general accord with theory supports the existence of significant relativistic effects
on the high-pressure phase transitions of HgO. 相似文献
166.
Jasper Knight 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2012,123(5):714-727
An assemblage of subglacial, ice-terminal and proglacial landforms and sediments provides evidence for the relationship between ice-marginal glacitectonics, sedimentary processes and subglacial and proglacial hydraulic processes at a retreating late Devensian ice margin in north-central Ireland. Deltas were deposited in glacial lakes impounded between the retreating ice margin and the southern Sperrin Mountains, followed by outwash and end moraine formation as the ice margin retreated south. Sediments within the moraines show evidence for ice margin oscillation from two opposing ice margins, including subglacial bedrock rafts and breccias which are separated by glacitectonic shears with silty partings. In adjacent outwash, vertically-disturbed proglacial sands, gravels and silts located in front of moraine positions attest to high hydraulic pressure and subsurface water flow during ice oscillation. The relationship between sedimentary and hydraulic processes in the ice margin region is described by a depositional model which links glacitectonic thrusting and subsurface water flow during ice oscillation to formation of subglacial, ice-terminal and proglacial sediments. The evidence presented in this paper shows that subglacial and proglacial morphosedimentary processes and patterns of sediment deposition are mediated by the presence of proglacial permafrost, which helps direct processes and patterns of groundwater flow. 相似文献
167.
In addition to an unprecedented number of Kreutz sungrazing comets, the LASCO coronagraphs have discovered some 238 unrelated “sunskirting” comets over the 12 years from 1996 to 2008. This new class is organized in several groups, and at least two comets have further been found periodic. This article presents the photometry and the heliocentric light curves of these 238 sunskirting comets. The bulk of them exhibit a continuous increase of the brightness as the comet approaches the Sun, reach a peak before perihelion and then progressively fade with a large variety of brightness gradients. However some of them have peak brightness either at or post-perihelion, whereas a quite large number are approximately flat. Likewise for the sungrazers, we find a color effect prominent between 8 and 40R⊙ (solar radii) which we interpret as resulting from the emission lines of the Na I doublet (D lines). We finally characterize the different groups of sunskirters on the basis of their cumulative distribution function of the peak brightness and of their fragmentation history. 相似文献
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The physical mechanisms associated with solar flares are reviewed. The relevance of flare mechanisms to other astrophysical phenomena is discussed. In this context, specific models of quasars and radio galaxies, Sco X-1 and gamma-ray bursts are examined. 相似文献