Ordering-based nonlinear solver for fully-implicit simulation of three-phase flow     

François P. Hamon  Hamdi A. Tchelepi 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(3):475-493

The Fully Implicit method (FIM) is often the method of choice for the temporal discretization of the partial differential equations governing multiphase flow in porous media. The FIM involves solving large coupled systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. Newton-based methods, which are employed to solve the nonlinear systems, can suffer from convergence problems—this is especially true for large time steps in the presence of highly nonlinear flow physics. To overcome such convergence problems, the time step is usually reduced, and the Newton steps are restarted from the solution of the previous (converged) time step. Recently, potential ordering and the reduced-Newton method were used to solve immiscible three-phase flow in the presence of buoyancy and capillary effects (e.g., Kwok and Tchelepi, J. Comput. Phys. 227(1), 706–727 2007). Here, we improve the robustness of the potential-based ordering method in the presence of gravity. Furthermore, we also extend this nonlinear approach to interphase mass transfer. Our algorithm deals effectively with mass transfer between the liquid and gas phases, including phase disappearance (e.g., gas going back in solution) and reappearance (e.g., gas coming out of solution and forming a separate phase), as a function of pressure and composition. Detailed comparisons of the robustness and efficiency of the potential-based solver with state-of-the-art nonlinear/linear solvers are presented for immiscible two-phase (Dead-Oil), Black-Oil, and compositional problems using heterogeneous models. The results show that for large time steps, our nonlinear ordering-based solver reduces the number of nonlinear iterations significantly, which leads to gains in the overall computational cost.  相似文献   

Measuring α in the Early Universe     

Graça Rocha 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,283(4):589-594

We update the bounds on a time-varying fine structure constant α at the time of BBN (z∼10¹⁰) and CMB (z∼10³) and present the current CMB constraints on α, through a combined analysis of the BOOMERanG, MAXIMA and DASI datasets. We also present a discussion of the constraints on α coming from large-scale structure observations, focusing in particular on the power spectrum from the 2dF survey. Finally we provide a analysis of the degeneracies between α and the other cosmological parameters and discuss ways to break these with both existing and/or forthcoming data. Our results are consistent with no variation in α from the epoch of recombination to the present day, and restrict any such variation to be less than about 4%.We show that the forthcoming MAP and Planck experiments will be able to break most of the currently existing degeneracies between α and other parameters, and measure α to better than percent accuracy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Middle/Late Cambrian intracontinental rifting in the central West Sudetes,NE Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic): geochemistry and petrogenesis of the bimodal metavolcanic rocks     

Jaroslav Dostal  Franti&#x;ek Pato ka  Christian Pin 《Geological Journal》2001,36(1):1-17

The Early Palaeozoic East Krkonoše Complex (EKC) situated in the central West Sudetes, NE Bohemian Massif, is a volcano‐sedimentary suite containing abundant mafic and felsic volcanics metamorphosed to greenschist facies. The trace element distribution patterns and Nd isotope signatures (E_Nd500 = + 3.1 to + 6.6) of the metabasites (metabasalts) indicate that they may be related to a rising mantle diapir associated with intracontinental rifting. At the early stage, limited melting of an upwelling asthenosphere produced alkali basalts and enriched tholeiites which compositionally resemble oceanic island basalts. A later stage of rifting with larger degrees of melting at shallower depths generated tholeiitic basalts with E‐MORB to N‐MORB characteristics. The values of (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.706 and E_Nd500 = − 5 ±1 of the porphyroids (metarhyolites) as well as the lack of rocks with intermediate compositions suggest that the felsic rocks were formed by a partial melting event of continental crust triggered by mantle melts. The geochemistry of the EKC bimodal metavolcanics and their association with abundant terrigenous metasediments suggest that the felsic–mafic volcanic suite was generated during intracontinental rifting. This process, widespread in Western and Central Europe during the Early Palaeozoic, is evidence of large‐scale fragmentation of the northern margin of the Gondwana supercontinent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Solute generation and transfer from a chemically reactive alpine glacial–proglacial system     

Ian J. Fairchild  Jacque A. Killawee  Martin J. Sharp  Baruch Spiro  Bryn Hubbard  Regi D. Lorrain  Jean-Louis Tison 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1999,24(13):1189-1211

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南海及其周缘中新生代火山活动时空特征与南海的形成模式   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11  

阎贫  刘海龄 《热带海洋学报》2005,24(2):33-41

根据南海海区、华南和中南半岛的地面露头、钻井、拖网及地球物理资料,分析了南海地区火山活动的时空分布特点。在南海陆缘和周边陆区中生代末期花岗岩分布非常广泛。新生代火山岩活动规模较小,主要是海底扩张之后在洋盆扩张脊、北部陆缘的陆洋边界附近、雷琼地区和中南半岛南部的玄武岩。在南海北部陆缘的深部地震调查中发现,在地壳下部存在小规模的高速异常体,结合浅部的晚第三纪一第四纪火山活动,认为该高速体形成于南海扩张之后。这些特征表明,在南海的拉张过程中岩浆供应不丰富,在陆缘未形成大规模的侵入和喷出岩。南海陆缘属于岩浆匮乏型被动大陆边缘。南海海区残留多个刚性断裂陆块,反映了裂谷拉张过程中脆性破裂。根据这些特征,南海形成难以用印藏碰撞引起的软流圈物质上涌导致岩石圈破裂这样的模式来解释。  相似文献   

Digital Urban Morphometrics: Automatic Extraction and Assessment of Morphological Properties of Buildings     

Cláudio Carneiro  Eugenio Morello  Thomas Voegtle  François Golay 《Transactions in GIS》2010,14(4):497-531

The aim of this article is to present a method to calculate the morphological properties of the built environment using LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data, geographic information systems (GIS) data and three‐dimensional (3D) models of cities as a source of information. A hybrid approach that takes into account different types of inputs and consequently evaluates the accuracy of each type of used data is presented. This work is intended to give a first response to the lack of a comprehensive and accurate procedure that uses LiDAR data in order to automatically derive precise morphological properties, such as volumes and surfaces (façades and roofs) of buildings. The method was tested on two case‐study areas in the Geneva region with different characteristics, one in the old town along the Rhone River and the other on the CERN campus. A statistical analysis that compares the results of the computation with the 3D model of the built environment was used to validate the results, complemented by significance statistical tests. Outcomes showed that the proposed method to derive morphological properties can reach high levels of accuracy, thus enhancing the potential uses of LiDAR data for numerous applications, typically for the assessment of the urban environmental quality (UEQ) at the city and district scale, such as the estimation of the potential deployment of renewable energies in the built environment and the determination and monitoring of several urban indicators.  相似文献   

胶北地体荆山群大理岩碳氧同位素地球化学特征及其对Lomagundi-Jatuli事件的指示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李凯月  汤好书  陈衍景  薛莅治  王玭  孙之夫 《岩石学报》2020,36(4):1059-1075

古元古代大气圈快速大量充氧,地球表生系统发生一系列重要变化,其中之一是23～206Ga碳酸盐岩碳同位素正异常现象,称Lomagundi-Jatuli事件,颇受瞩目,成为当前国际研究前沿。胶北地体荆山群普遍经历高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质作用,其下部禄格庄组碳酸盐地层发育。本文研究了山后地区荆山群禄格庄组26件大理岩和7件白云质石英岩样品,获得δ~(13)C_(carb)值在-08～+34‰(V-PDB),平均+14‰,其中大理岩δ~(13)C平均值为+16‰,白云质石英岩δ~(13)C平均值为+09‰。氧同位素值变化于93‰～202‰(V-SMOW),平均140‰。样品碳-氧同位素值之间具有很好的正相关性,且有13件样品Mn/Sr比值大于6,说明高角闪岩相的变质作用可能使δ~(13)C_(carb)下降了3‰～5‰,原始沉积碳酸盐的δ~(13)C_(carb)值高达+84‰,明显正异常,是全球性Lomagundi-Jatuli事件的响应。  相似文献   

Mineralogy and geochemistry of atypical reduction spheroids from the Tumblagooda Sandstone,Western Australia     

David C. M. Fox  Samuel C. Spinks  Robert L. Thorne  Milo Barham  Mehrooz Aspandiar  Joseph G. T. Armstrong  Tonguç Uysal  Nicholas E. Timms  Mark A. Pearce  Michael Verrall  Belinda Godel  Brad Whisson 《Sedimentology》2020,67(1):677-698

Reduction spheroids are small-scale, biogenic, redox-controlled, metal enrichments that occur within red beds globally. This study provides the first analysis of the compositionally unique reduction spheroids of the Tumblagooda Sandstone. The work aims to account for their composition and consequently improve existing models for reduction spheroids generally, which presently fail to account for the mineralogy of the Tumblagooda Sandstone reduction spheroids. Interstitial areas between detrital grains contained in the cores of these reduction spheroids are dominated by microplaty haematite, in addition to minor amounts of svanbergite, gorceixite, anatase, uraninite, monazite and illite. The haematite-rich composition, along with an absence of base metal phases and the vanadiferous mica roscoelite, makes these reduction spheroids notable in comparison to other global reduction spheroid occurrences. Analyses of illite crystallinity provide values for samples of the Tumblagooda Sandstone host rock corresponding to heating temperatures of ca 200°C. Consequently, while Tumblagooda Sandstone reduction spheroids formed via the typical metabolic processes of dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria, the combination of a unique mineralogy and illite crystallinity analysis provides evidence of more complex late-stage heating and reoxidation. This has not previously been recognised in other reduction spheroids and therefore expands the existing model for reduction spheroid genesis by also considering the potential for late-stage alteration. As such, future reduction spheroid studies should consider the potential impact of post-formation modification, particularly where they are to be used as evidence of ancient microbial processes; such as in the search for early evidence of life in the geological record on Earth or other planets. Additionally, because of their potential for modification, reduction spheroids serve as a record of the redox history of red beds and their study could provide insights into the evolution of redox conditions within a given red bed during its diagenesis. Finally, this paper also provides insights into the relatively understudied diagenetic history of the Tumblagooda Sandstone; supplying the first reliable and narrow constraints on its thermal history. This has important implications for the thermal history of the Carnarvon Basin and its petroleum prospectivity more broadly.  相似文献   

An improved time series model for monthly stream flows     

Ceyhun Özçelik  N. Orhan Baykan 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(5):587-601

This study aims to develop an improved time series model to overcome difficulties in modeling monthly short term stream flows. The periodic, serial dependent and independent components of the classical time series models are improved separately by information transfer from a surrounding long term gauging station to the considered flow section having short term records. Eventually, an improved model preserving the mathematical model structure of the classical time series model, while improving general and monthly statistics of the monthly stream flows, is derived by using the improved components instead of the short term model components in the time series modeling. The correlative relationships between the current short term and surrounding long term stations are used to improve periodic and serial dependent behaviors of monthly flows. Independent components (residuals) are improved via the parameters defining their theoretical probability distribution. The improved model approach is tested by using 50 year records of Göksu-Himmetli (1801) and Göksu-Gökdere (1805) flow monitoring stations located on the Ceyhan river basin, in south of Turkey. After 50 year records of the station 1801 are separated into five 10 year sub series, their improved and classical time series models are computed and compared with the real long-term (50 year) time series model of this station to reveal efficiencies of the improved models for each subseries (sub terms with 10 year observation). The comparisons are realized based on the model components, model estimates and general/monthly statistics of model estimates. Finally, some evaluations are made on the results compared to the regression method classically applied in the literature.  相似文献   

Chronology of Upper Pleistocene sequences at Sidi Messaoud (wadi Noun, southwestern Morocco) based on C, optical and U-series dating     

Norbert Mercier  Christine Hatt  Michel Fontugne  Jean-Louis Reyss  Hlne Valladas  Luc Wengler  Jean-Philip Brugal  Abderrahmane Ouammou  Andr Weisrock 《Quaternary Geochronology》2009,4(4):326-334

The Sidi Messaoud site provides a 40 m thick sedimentary infilling of great importance for the study of environmental changes and landscape evolution during the Upper Pleistocene in the Western Sahara. In this study, chronological results obtained by the ¹⁴C, U-series and optical dating techniques are compared. Each individual age, depositional environment and post-deposition history of the various samples are evaluated, in order to explain the methodological reasons for discordances and concordances. Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental implications for the last 120 ka history in southwestern Morocco are also inferred: the wadi Noun gorges had been incised before MIS 5, and later, during MIS 3, the valley has been filled in with a mean sedimentation rate of 1 m/ka.  相似文献