Geological context of the Boumnyebel talcschists (Cameroun): Inferences on the Pan-African Belt of Central Africa     

Clément Yonta-Ngoune  Charles Nkoumbou  Pierre Barbey  Nicole Le Breton  Jean-Marc Montel  Frédéric Villieras 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(2):108-115

The talcschists of the Boumnyebel area (southern Cameroon) form ≤ 30 m thick discontinuous layers within a Pan-African nappe unit (Yaoundé group), which includes, at the base, muscovite + biotite ± garnet micaschists associated with amphibolites and pyroxenites, and, at the top, muscovite + biotite + garnet + kyanite micaschists locally associated with marble and amphibolites. The metamorphic peak (∼650 °C/9.5 kbar; ca. 620 Ma) postdates nappe emplacement. Isograds are in normal position, micaschists passing downwards to migmatites in the northwestern part of the area studied. The rock types in the lower part of this nappe suggest active margin environments with detrital input from a nearby continental crust (arc or back-arc context).  相似文献   

Flank spreading and collapse of weak-cored volcanoes   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Emmanuelle?CecchiEmail author  Benjamin?van?Wyk de Vries  Jean-Marc?Lavest 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2004,67(1):72-91

Volcanoes subjected to hydrothermal activity develop weak cores as a result of alteration and due to elevated pore pressures. Edifices constructed at the angle of repose of volcanoclastics, or at even more gentle slopes, respond to internal weakening by initially deforming slowly, but may then collapse catastrophically. Such a process has so far been described for only a few volcanoes, such as Casita, Nicaragua; however, the conditions for flank spreading are widespread and many, if not most volcanoes should suffer some alteration-related flank spreading. We provide analogue models that characterise the structure — surface deformation fields and internal structures — of a spreading flank. Deformation creates a characteristic concave-convex-concave flank profile producing structures such as basal thrusts, summit normal faults, grabens and strike-slip relay faults. Three deformation regimes are found: a pit collapse regime is associated with very small volumes of ductile material located far from the edifice surface. This would not appear in nature, as time for deformation is greater than the lifetime of a volcano, unless very low rock viscosities are present. The other two regimes are flank spreading regimes, one symmetric and one asymmetric. The latter is the most common, as most volcanic structures are asymmetrical in form and in distribution of physical properties. The deformation is controlled by altered region dimensions, volume and position relative to the edifice, and to a lesser extent by its shape. As the flanks spread, landslides are created, initially on the steepened portion, but also from fault scarps. Major flank collapse may occur leading to explosive hydrothermal decompression and to a debris avalanche rich in hydrothermally altered material. We provide several new examples of volcanoes that have structures and morphologies compatible with flank spreading. We suggest that it is a common feature, important in the tectonics and hazards of many volcanoes.Editorial Responsibility: J. Gilbert  相似文献   

Dynamic scheme of water circulation in karstic aquifers as constrained by Sr and Pb isotopes. Application to the Hérault watershed,Southern France     

Emmanuelle?Petelet-GiraudEmail author  Jean-Marc?Luck  Dalila?Ben Othman  Philippe?Negrel 《Hydrogeology Journal》2003,11(5):560-573

This paper focuses on the relationship between the karst aquifers and the Hérault River (southern France) as a function of hydrologic conditions. The combination of major and trace element, and Sr and Pb isotopes determined on dissolved load in karstic springs makes it possible to identify a dynamic scheme of the hydrology of the karstic area.In the headwaters part of this area, the Sourcettes Spring is fed by an interrupted stream that infiltrates at the basement-sedimentary cover contact. Internal geochemical processes are also pointed out: (1) water–rock interactions during underground circulation, and (2) water originating from different layers of the aquifer may show different chemistry depending on the hydrological conditions. The Vernède Spring, is fed by a second water supply during high flows (previously considered as unconnected). Finally, the Cent-Fonts Springs have been confirmed to be fed by the Buège interrupted stream.Pb isotopes on the dissolved and particulate loads of the river samples make it possible to discriminate the natural (local rocks) versus anthropogenic (mining district and road traffic) Pb sources. The Pb isotope investigations on karstic water make it possible to differentiate between neighboring springs presenting identical Sr isotope and element ratios, and to point out different underground circulation.

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Resumen Este artículo trata de la relación río-acuífero kárstico en la cuenca de Hérault (Francia), en función de las condiciones hidrológicas. La combinación de elementos principales, elementos traza, e isótopos de estroncio y plomo en muestras de manantiales kársticos permite construir un esquema dinámico de la zona.El manantial de Sourcettes, en la parte alta de la región, está alimentado por una corriente interrumpida que se infiltra a través la cubierta sedimentaria del lecho. También, se apunta a los procesos internos geoquímicos: (1) interacciones roca-acuífero, (2) aguas procedentes de capas diferentes del acuífero, dependiendo de las condiciones hidrológicas. El manantial de Vernède, en el sector oriental de la cuenca, se nutre de una segunda fuente de agua en períodos de aguas altas, que anteriormente se consideraba desconenctada. Finalmente, se ha confirmado que los manantiales de Cent-Fonts captan las aguas del curso interrumpido del Buège.Los isótopos de plomo, tanto en fase disuelta como en suspensión de muestras de río, permiten discriminar entre orígenes naturales (rocas naturales) y antrópicos (minería y tráfico) de este elemento. Las investigaciones en aguas kársticas llevan a diferenciar entre manantiales vecinos que tienen relaciones de isótopos de estroncio idénticas, así como a proponer circulaciones distintas en el acuífero por drenaje o por mineralización no diseminada del plomo.

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Résumé Cet article s'intéresse à la relation entre le karst et une rivière dans le bassin de l'Hérault (France), en fonction des conditions hydrologiques. La combinaison des éléments majeurs, des traces et des isotopes de Sr et Pb déterminés dans la charge dissoute de sources karstiques permet de construire un schéma dynamique de la région karstique.Dans la partie la plus haute de cette région, la source des Sourcettes est alimentée par un cours d'eau qui s'infiltre au contact de la série sédimentaire sur le socle. Des processus géochimiques sont également mis en évidence: (1) des interactions eau-roche au cours du trajet souterrain, (2) de l'eau provenant de différents niveaux de l'aquifère en fonction des conditions hydrologiques. Dans la partie orientale du bassin, la source Vernède reçoit une seconde alimentation lors des fortes crues, précédemment considérée comme n'étant pas connectée. Finalement, on confirme que la source des Cent-Fonts est alimentée par les pertes de la rivière de la Buèges.Les isotopes du Pb dans les charges dissoute et solide des échantillons de rivières ont conduit à faire la distinction entre les sources naturelle (roches locales) et anthropique (mines et trafic routier). Les études sur les isotopes du Pb dans les eaux karstiques permettent de différencier les sources voisines présentant des rapports d'éléments et de signatures isotopiques du Sr identiques, et à distinguer différentes circulations souterraines drainant ou non des minéralisations disséminées de Pb.

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Zn and Cu isotopic variations in chondrites and iron meteorites: Early solar nebula reservoirs and parent-body processes   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jean-Marc Luck  Dalila Ben Othman 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(22):5351-5363

High-precision Zn isotopic variations are reported for carbonaceous chondrites (CC), equilibrated (EOC) and unequilibrated (UOC) ordinary chondrites, iron meteorites from the IAB-IIICD (nonmagmatic) and IIIA (magmatic) groups, and metal from the Brenham pallasite. For irons, δ⁶⁵Cu values are also reported. Data have also been obtained on a coarse-grained type-B calcium-, aluminum-rich refractory inclusion (CAI) from Allende and on acid leaches of Allende (CV3), Krymka (LL3), and Charsonville (H6). Variations expressed as δ⁶⁶Zn (deviation in parts per thousand of ⁶⁶Zn/⁶⁴Zn in samples relative to a standard) spread over a range of 0.3‰ for carbonaceous chondrites, 2‰ for ordinary chondrites, and 4‰ for irons.The measured ⁶⁶Zn/⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁷Zn/⁶⁴Zn, and ⁶⁸Zn/⁶⁴Zn ratios vary linearly with mass difference and define a common isotope fractionation line with terrestrial samples, which demonstrates that Zn was derived from an initially single homogeneous reservoir. The δ⁶⁶Zn values are correlated with meteorite compositions and slightly decrease in the order CI, CM, CV-CO, and to UOC. The isotopically light Zn of Allende CAI and the acid-resistant residues of Allende and Krymka show that the light component is associated with refractory material, presumably minerals from the spinel-group. This, together with the reverse correlation between relative abundances of light Zn isotopes and volatile element abundances, suggests that Zn depletion in planetary bodies with respect to CI cannot be ascribed to devolatilization of CI-like material. These observations rather suggest that refractory material reacted with a gas phase enriched in the lighter Zn isotopes. Alternatively, chondrules with their associated rims should carry a light Zn isotopic signature. The δ⁶⁶Zn values of unequilibrated chondrites are rather uniform, whereas equilibrated chondrites show distinctly more isotopic variability.The values of δ⁶⁵Cu-δ⁶⁶Zn in irons define two trends. The moderate and positively correlated Cu and Zn isotope variations in IIIA and pallasite samples probably reflect crystallization of silicate, sulfide, and solid metal from the liquid metal. The range of δ⁶⁶Zn values of the IAB-IIICD group is large (>3‰) and contrasts with the moderate fractionation of Cu isotopes. We interpret this feature and the negative δ⁶⁶Zn-δ⁶⁵Cu correlation as reflecting mixing, possibly achieved by percolation, between metals from a regolith devolatilized at low temperature (enriched in heavy zinc) and metallic liquids formed within the parent body.  相似文献   

The Palaeomagnetism of Some Cambrian and Ordovician Sediments from the Northern Territory, Australia     

G. R. Luck 《Geophysical Journal International》1970,20(1):31-39

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The behavior of shape preferred orientations in metamorphic rocks: amphiboles and jadeites from the Monte Mucrone area (Sesia-Lanzo zone, Italian Western Alps)     

Benoit Ildefonse  Jean-Marc Lardeaux  Jean-Michel Caron 《Journal of Structural Geology》1990,12(8)

In the eclogitic micaschists of the Monte Mucrone area (Sesia-Lanzo zone, Italian Western Alps), we have measured in detail the eclogitic lineation at several outcrops. We present observations at the markers scale, this scale allowing the whole range of progressive deformations to be described. Populations of glaucophanes and jadeites show different statistical features which must be, at least for a part, produced by the distinct mechanical behavior for these markers during the alpine history. The glaucophanes show a positive correlation between the intensity of preferred orientation and their aspect ratio, due to a mainly rigid behavior. The observed differences in shape and orientation of jadeites also show different behavior, related to different retromorphic overprints. We briefly discuss the implications of these observations on the significance of metamorphic lineations.  相似文献   

Correlation of trace element distribution in cassiterites and geotectonic position of their deposits in Bolivia     

H. -J. Schneider  P. Dulski  J. Luck  P. Möller  A. Villalpando 《Mineralium Deposita》1978,13(1):119-122

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Microstructural criteria for reliable thermometry in low-temperature eclogites     

Jean-Marc Lardeaux  Jean-Michel Caron  Pascal Nisio  Guy Pquignot  Micheline Boudeulle 《Lithos》1986,19(3-4):187-203

Two Alpine eclogite bodies, sampled in metaophiolitic complexes of the Piemonte Zone, have been studied for geothermometry. It is demonstrated that temperature estimates, by both exchange thermometry and sizes of antiphase domains in omphacites, give rise to erratic results when the defect structures of the minerals are not taken into account. Microstructural criteria, by means of both optical and TEM microscopy, for reliable thermometry in low-temperature eclogites are disscussed. The dynamically recrystallized grains are the more suitable sites for the application of exchange thermometry, while only low-strained omphacites can be used for thermometry based on APD's.  相似文献   

Flood Events of Selected European Rivers in the Sixteenth Century     

Rudolf Brázdil  Rüdiger Glaser  Christian Pfister  Petr Dobrovolný  Jean-Marc Antoine  Mariano Barriendos  Dario Camuffo  Mathias Deutsch  Silvia Enzi  Emanuela Guidoboni  Oldřich Kotyza  Fernando Sanchez Rodrigo 《Climatic change》1999,43(1):239-285

The severity and frequency of sixteenth-century floods of the Rhine, the Main, the middle and upper Elbe with its tributaries, rivers of northern and central Italy, the Garonne and rivers in Catalonia and Andalusia are analyzed using documentary evidence. The basic topographical and hydrological characteristics of the rivers investigated as well as the synoptic causes of their flooding during the instrumental period are presented. Different examples of modifications of the run-off process due to anthropogenic activity are discussed. Prevalence in flood occurrence during the second half of the sixteenth century in comparison to the first half is typical for central European and Andalusian rivers (mainly in the 1560s and 1590s) and agrees with the evolution of precipitation patterns. On the other hand, Italian and Catalonian rivers, in part, had a higher occurrence of floods during the first half of the century. Changes in the flooding seasons in both halves of the century are not unambiguous. Results of an analysis on a broader European scale show floods to be a random natural phenomena with limited areal extent defined by the spatial influence of forcing meteorological factors (continuous heavy rains, sudden melting of thick snow cover, etc.). Despite some limitations of documentary evidence, series of reconstructed historical floods are valuable sources of proxy data which can be utilized for the study of the flooding fluctuations in the pre-instrumental period.  相似文献   

Feasibility of Bioremediation of a Ground Water Polluted with Alkylpyridines   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zeev Ronen  Jean-Marc Bollag  Cheng-Hsiung Hsu  James C. Young 《Ground water》1996,34(2):194-199

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