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51.
The Tin Zebane dyke swarm was emplaced at the end of the Pan-African orogeny along a mega-shear zone separating two contrasting terranes of the Tuareg shield. It is located along the western boundary of the Archaean In Ouzzal rigid terrane, but inside the adjacent Tassendjanet terrane, strongly remobilized at the end of the Precambrian. The Tin Zebane swarm was emplaced during post-collisional sinistral movements along the shear zone at 592.2±5.8 Ma (19WR Rb–Sr isochron). It is a dyke-on-dyke system consisting of dykes and stocks of gabbros and dykes of metaluminous and peralkaline granites. All rock types have Sr and Nd isotopic initial ratios (Sri=0.7028 and Nd=+6.2) typical of a depleted mantle source, similar to the prevalent mantle (PREMA) at that period. No crustal contamination occurred in the genesis of the Tin Zebane swarm. Even the samples showing evidence of fluid interaction (essentially alkali mobility) have the same isotopic signature. The peralkaline granites have peculiar geochemical characteristics that mimic subduction-related granites: this geochemical signature is interpreted in terms of extensive differentiation effects due to late cumulates comprising aegirine, zircon, titanite, allanite and possibly fergusonite, separated from the liquid in the swarm itself due to magmatic flow turbulence. The Tin Zebane dyke swarm is thus of paramount importance for constraining the differentiation of mantle products to generate highly evolved alkaline granites without continental crust participation, in a post-collisional setting. 相似文献
52.
Richard A. Marston Jacky Girel Guy Pautou Herve Piegay Jean-Paul Bravard Chris Arneson 《Geomorphology》1995,13(1-4)
The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain channel metamorphosis of the Ain River in east-central France and the effects of this metamorphosis on floodplain disturbance and vegetation development. The Ain River is a 195 km long stream originating in the Jura Mountains which flows into the Rhône River between Lyon, France, and Geneva, Switzerland. The lower 40 km of the Ain River, beyond the mountain front, are situated in a valley of outwash deposits where the floodplain is 0.2 to 1.2 km wide. A complex mosaic of floodplain landscape units has developed. Maps dating back to 1766 and six sets of aerial photographs dated between 1945 and 1991 were used to document changes in channel pattern. Aerial photos and field surveys were used to compile maps of landscape units based on dominant vegetation life-forms, species, and substrate. Six maps dated between 1945 and 1991 were digitized in ARC/INFO and an overlay was generated to determine the changes in landscape units as related to channel disturbance. Change from a braided to a single-thread meandering channel probably took place in the period 1930–1950. The process of river entrenchment has occurred throughout the Holocene but has accelerated in the present century due to shortening of the river course, construction of lateral embankments, and vegetation encroachment following reservoir construction and cessation of wood-cutting and grazing. The increase in horizontal channel stability coupled with channel entrenchment have decreased floodplain disturbance and lowered the water table by approximately one meter. Pioneer and disturbance-dependent landscape units have experienced a more terrestrial-like succession to an alluvial forest. Abandoned channels have also been replaced by alluvial forests. On poorly drained soils, shrub-swamp communities of willow and hydrophytic herbaceous plants have been replaced by mixed forests of ash, alder, black poplar, and oak. On well drained alluvial soils, ash and oak dominated hardwood forests have declined in favor of mesophytic stands of black poplar. All types of vegetation, but particularly dry grasslands-shrublands, have been cleared for mines, campgrounds, agriculture, and other types of development. Using several measures, landscape diversity decreased between 1945 and 1991. 相似文献
53.
Jean-Paul Lhomme 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,45(1-2):103-115
The discrete multi-layer model originally devised by Waggoner and Reifsnyder (1968) is used as a theoretical basis to describe the vegetation-atmosphere interaction. Mathematical development of the basic equations yields Ohm's law-type formulae for sensible and latent heat fluxes from which it is possible to derive a combination equation very close in form to Penman-Monteith's equation. A bulk aerodynamic resistance and a bulk stomatal resistance can be defined and expressed in terms of the elementary resistances of the multi-layer model. This new combination equation offers an alternative to the attempts undertaken by Shuttleworth (1976) to unify multi-layer and single-layer approaches. 相似文献
54.
Recent satellite missions (CHAMP, GRACE) are now returning data on the time variation of the gravity field with harmonic coefficients computed every 4 weeks. The promise is to achieve a sub-microgal accuracy that will define continental mass variations involving large-scale hydrology. With this in mind, we examine the time varying gravity field over central Europe using a limited number of high quality ground-based superconducting gravimeter stations within the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP). Our purpose is to see whether there are coherent signals between the individual stations and to compare the regional component with that predicted from models of continental hydrology. The results are encouraging. We have found, using empirical orthogonal eigenfunctions of the gravity data that a clear annual signal is present that is consistent in phase (low amplitudes in summer) and amplitude (1–3 microgal) with that determined from a large-scale model of land water in connection with global climate modeling. More work is required to define how the gravity field is related to large-scale soil moisture and other mass variations, and we have yet to compare our results to the latest satellite-derived data. 相似文献
55.
Joseph Canérot Jacques Bauer Michel Bilotte Chantal Bourdillon Jean-Paul Colin Elie-Jean Debroas Françoise Magniez Francis Mediavilla Yves Ternet 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(10):951-958
By us considered as Albo-Aptian in age and generated through halokinetic processes, the Bosmendiette breccias have been recently interpreted as Selandian (Palaeocene) globigerine-bearing sediments deposited in sub-marine canyons within a deep trough crossing the Pyrenees, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. These breccias are really azoic in their lower part and contain a scarce microfauna including radolarians and benthic foraminifera at the top of the formation. They are unconformably covered by the Urgo-Aptian limestones and marls and indicate, under opening marine conditions, Lower Cretaceous collapse movements and northward sliding of the Jurassic slumped cover, related to the growth of the Béloscare–Apoura diapir. To cite this article: J. Canérot et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
56.
Stability analysis of lateritic waste deposits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kamel Omraci Vronique Merrien-Soukatchoff Jean-Paul Tisot Jack-Pierre PiguetLe Nickel-SLN 《Engineering Geology》2003,68(3-4):189-199
In open-pit mines covered with lateritic soil, the sterile ground is stored in specially prepared sites. The waste area must then be enhanced in order to extend storage capacity.
To better understand the effect of an elevated dump, typical laboratory tests (triaxial and oedometer tests) have been performed on the lateritic material. The waste disposal site has been modeled using both limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Different types of finite element models have been run; they take the variation of Young's modulus with depth into account and simulate the effect of construction over various phases. Modeling results are then compared with in situ measurements. 相似文献
57.
Laurent TrotignonValrie Michaud Jean-Eric Lartigue Jean-Paul AmbrosiLaurent Eisenlohr Lise GriffaultMichel de Combarieu Sylvie Daumas 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(14):2583-2601
An experiment designed to study oxidizing perturbations in deep crystalline rock, a potential host for nuclear waste disposal, was conducted. This experiment simulated a fracture surface in contact with circulating groundwater, in which dissolved oxygen was injected periodically. Major physicochemical and biological parameters were monitored during this 1-yr experiment. Modeling of the results indicates that the kinetics of oxygen uptake may be represented by a simple steady-state rate law combining enzymatic catalysis (Monod) and a first-order rate law. Combined chemical and biological data demonstrate the coupling of organic/inorganic processes during the uptake of dissolved oxygen and the progressive return to reducing conditions. Timescales for these stages are discussed. Experimental results also suggest that iron-reducing bacteria, which are robust and well-adapted microorganisms, play a key role in these interfacial processes. These results show that an operational definition of the “redox buffering capacity” in a granitic medium cannot ignore the effect of bacteria and therefore the controls on bacterial substrates (organic carbon, H2, CH4, CO2). 相似文献
58.
Muriel Llubes Nicolas Florsch Jean-Paul Boy Martine Amalvict Pascal Bonnefond Marie-Noëlle Bouin Stphane Durand Marie-France Esnoult Pierre Exertier Jacques Hinderer Marie-Franoise Lalancette Frdric Masson Laurent Morel Joëlle Nicolas Mathilde Vergnolle Guy Wppelmann 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2008,340(6):379-389
We have organised afield study of ocean tide loading in the northwestern part of France, where tidal amplitudes are known to be among the highest in the world. GPS and gravimetric techniques have already proved their capability to measure such weak and high-frequency signals. In this study, these classical observations are complemented with less usual techniques, such as tiltmeter and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) measurements. We present here the preliminary results for a common period of observations spanning from 12–19 May 2004. Additional measurements from the French Transportable Laser Ranging Station (FTLRS) were available during September and October 2004. Observation residuals are computed as the difference between the observed and the predicted time signals. We obtain small RMS residuals for GPS measurements (2.5/3.1/4.5 mm for the eastward, northward and upward components), for absolute and relative gravimetry (9 nm/s2 and 13 nm/s2) and for tiltmeters (0.05 μrad for EW component). We also fit the amplitude of the main M2 tidal constituent to FTLRS observations and we find a value of 3.731 cm, which is comparable to the theoretical value. 相似文献
59.
60.
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is used as a proxy for the determination of magmatic flow direction in mafic dykes. Here we take advantage of the dataset from G.J. Borradaile and D. Gauthier to comment three points: (1) the sampling strategy; (2) the geometric relationship between magnetic axis dyke, and, (3) an alternative interpretation to obtain a flow direction. The magnetic lineations published by Borradaile and Gauthier correspond to the zone axis of the dyke and magnetic foliation poles, questioning the reliability of the magnetic lineation as a flow estimate. An alternative interpretation is based on the use of the tiling of the magnetic foliation plane against the dyke wall. 相似文献