Die Lagerungsverhältnisse der Altvulkanite     

Prof. Dr. Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1962,52(1):514-540

Zusammenfassung Es werden die Lagerungsverhältnisse der altvulkanischen Bildungen erörtert: Die fördertreue Lagerung der Tuffe und die teils kongruente, teils überschneidende, teils fördertreue Lagerung der Intrusivgruppen. Die Lagerung derselben beruht auf dem jeweiligen Verhältnis von Senkung und Hebung. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die inverse Lagerung der Scheiben innerhalb einer Intrusivgruppe bei stationärer Lage des Gebirges auf das zunehmende spezifische Gewicht der Schmelzen zurückzuführen. Diese Lagerung steht im Widerspruch zur Förderfolge. Dieser Befund bestätigt die Intrusivnatur der vorquartären Laven.Die Graben- und Kammerbasalte werden auf den Abriß eines Grabenkeils infolge der Horizontalen Dehnung und auf eine progressive Kammerbildung zurückgeführt. Sie gibt einen Hinweis auf den Raumgewinn nach unten. Es folgen Erörterungen über die Lagerungsbeziehungen der Intrusivkörper zu den Sedimenten und Tuffen. Am Schluß wird auf die methodische Anwendung der erkannten Gesetzmäßigkeiten hingewiesen. Im Anhang folgt eine Stellungnahme zu den bei der Diskussion vorgebrachten Einwänden.

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Pyroclasts are deposited in accordance with their eruption. Intrusives are found in congruent, overlapping, or in eruption-accordant positions, consequent to tectonic rise and subsidence. In stable areas the reversed succession within the volcanic complex follows an increased specific weight of the magma. Reversed successions of volcanic series corroborate the intrusive origin of the prequaternary lavas. The graben and chamber basalts depend on wedge-shaped graben subsidence, and on progressive formation of chambers.

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Résumé On examine ici les aspects des stratifications des formations volcaniques anciennes, en particulier la stratification des tuffs et celle des roches intrusives. La stratification de ces dernières est due aux diverses formes d'affaisement et de soulèvement. En contraste avec cela, la disposition inverse des plaques à l'intérieur d'un groupe de roches intrusives dans une position stationnaire de la montagne doit s'expliquer par l'accroissement du poids spécifique du magma. Cette disposition se trouve en opposition avec l'ordre d'arrivée. Cette constation permet de confirmer la nature intrusive de «laves» préquaternaires. Les basaltes des fossés et les basaltes des salles ont attribués à un graben par suite de l'extension horizontale et à une formation progressive de salles. Celle-ci apporte une indication sur le gain d'espace réalisé vers le bas.A la fin on attire l'attention sur les aspects de la stratification des corps intrusifs par rapport aux sédiments et aux tuffs ainsi que sur l'application méthodique deces résultats. Dans l'appendice suit une prise de position par rapport aux objections formulées en cours de discussion.

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Eine Elektronische Apparatur zur Messung der Elastizitätskonstanten an Gesteinsproben     

Karel Klíma  Zdeněk Pros  Ludvík Waniek 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1957,1(1):106-113

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Velocity of longitudinal waves in eclogite and ultrabasic rocks under pressures to 4 kilobars     

E. I. Bajuk  M. P. Volarovich  Karel Klíma  Zdeněk Pros  Jiří Vaněk 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1967,11(3):271-280

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Köppen Climate Types in Observed and Simulated Climates     

Kalvová  Jaroslava  Halenka  Tomáš  Bezpalcová  Klára  Nemešová  Ivana 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2003,47(1):185-202

The Köppen climate classification was applied to the observed gridded climatological sets and the outputs of four general circulation models (GCMs) over the continents of the Earth. All data had been acquired via the Data Distribution Centre established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The ability of the GCMs to simulate the Köppen climate zones identified in the real data was explored and possible future (global warming) changes in the climate types' distribution for each GCM were assessed. Differences in the area distributions derived from the GCMs' recent climate simulations give evidence about uncertainties generally involved in climate models. As to the global warming simulations, all GCM projections of warming climate (horizon 2050) show that the zones representing tropical rain climates and dry climates become larger, and the zones identified with boreal forest and snow climates together with the polar climates are smaller.  相似文献   

Origin of ultramafic inclusions and megacrysts in a monchiquite dyke at Streap,inverness-shire,Scotland     

N.-O. Prægel 《Lithos》1981,14(4):305-322

Spinel lherzolite nodules, composed of olivine (Fo_88.7?89.2), clinepyroxene (6.5% Al₂O₃) and Al-rich spinel, and websterite nodules as well as megacrysts of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and magnetite occur in a monchiquite at Streap, Scotland. Petrographic data are given and microprobe analyses of coexisting phases in six spinel lherzolite nodules and one websterite nodule are reported, along with analyses of both types of pyroxene megacrysts. The spinel lherzolites show internal chemical homogeneity, and their mineral chemistries suggest equilibrium conditions of 1100–1200°C and 14–23 kb. The websterite nodules are, on the basis of mineral chemistry and petrography, considered to be crustal material. The megacrysts constitute a separate group, differing in composition from analogous phases in associated lherzolites and websterites as well as from monchiquite phenocryst phases, and show systematic chemical variations corresponding to low pressure crystal fractionation processes.  相似文献   

Buchbesprechungen     

F. Klötzli  Rudolf Koblet  Chr Zimmermann 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1978,40(2):384-386

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Elastic constants computed for a medium composed of this anisotropic layers     

Karel Klíma  Reviewer K. Pěč 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1978,22(1):45-49

Summary The problem of the elastic properties of a medium composed of thin anisotropic layers is treated. The study is based on the conditions of stress and strain and on Hooke's Law under the assumption of close contact between the layers. The algorithm described is suitable for a computer.Dedicated to RNDr. Jan Pícha, CSc., on his 60th Birthday  相似文献   

Einige Probleme des Variszikums von Neo-Europa     

Prof. Dr. Helmut W. Flügel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1975,64(1):1-62

The Periadriatic Lineament and its possible extension, the Balatonline, on the one hand and the Balcan-Dinaric Lineament and its continuation (?) the Zagreb-line, on the other hand, separate an outer-region, characterized by clastic, terrestrical Upper Carboniferous and Permian strata, from a marine Inner-region. This Inner-region includes the Southern Alps, the Dinarides, and the ?Igoler“-trough. The aforementioned lineaments were not evident during the Lower Paleozoic, whereas in the Upper Paleozoic (after the Variscan orogenese) a clear separation of the two areas can be seen. As a consequence of the overlapping of the marine sequence into the regions north of the Periadriatic lineaments during the Triassic, the contrast between outer- and inner-regions are agained wiped out. For a full understanding of these facts, significant details are still missing. Above all it is important to find a solution for several still unanswered questions: how far the outer region is still a part of the paleomagnetic “Stabile Europe”; how far the metamorphic development within the region of the Balcan Peninsula, the Pannonic Basin and the Karpates can be compared with the ideas (supported by isotopic-geological dates) of the metamorphic development on both sides of the Insubric line and also how far the Dinaric Ophiolite zones are remains of a Paleothetys. Only when these questions are answered will it be possible to insert the Variscan area into the discussion of plate-tectonics within the Neo-European region.  相似文献   

Die fazielle und paläogeographische Entwicklung der infrakambrischen bis ordovizischen Sedimente im Mittleren Antiatlas um Agdz (S-Marokko)     

Dr. Werner Buggisch  Clemens Marzela  Dr. Phil Hügel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(1):195-224

Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung des Adoudounien (Infrakambrium) und Géorgien (Unterkambrium) ist im Mittleren Antiatlas durch einen Wechsel von marinen und kontinentalen Sedimenten gekennzeichnet. Wildbachablagerungen an der Basis und an den Beckenrändern werden von marin-marginalen stromatolithischen Karbonaten abgelöst. Ignimbrite belegen wiederholte terrestrische Sedimentation.Mit fluviatilen Sanden und wiederum Stromatolithen und lagunären Karbonaten (mit ersten Trilobiten!) setzt ein zweiter transgressiver Großzyklus ein, der an der Wende Infra-/Unter-Kambrium einen ersten Höhepunkt erreicht. Durch regressive Kleinzyklen charakterisierte Abfolgen leiten zu Sandsteinen über, die als Ablagerungen eines Deltas gedeutet werden.Vom Mittelkambrium bis Ordovizium dominiert marine Schelfsedimentation.

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The formations of Adoudounien (Infra Cambrian) and Géorgien (Lower Cambrian) of the middle Anti-Atlas are characterized by an alternation of marine and continental sediments. Torrent conglomerates at the base and the margins of the basin took turns to marine-marginal stromatolitic carbonates. Ignimbrites prove repeated terrestrial sedimentation.A second transgressiv megasequence begins with fluviatil sands and goes on with stromatolites and lagoon carbonates (first Trilobites). This transgression reachs his first culmination at the Infra-/Lower-Cambrian boundary. Typical regressiv cycles form a transition to sandstones, which are interpreted as sediments of a delta.Marine shelf environment dominates from Middle Cambrian to Ordovician beds.

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Résumé Dans le moyen Anti-Atlas, l'évolution de l'Adoudounien et du Géorgien est caractérisée par un changement des sédiments marins et continentaux. Les dépôts des torrents à la base et dans la bordure du bassin font place à des carbonates marins marginaux stromatolithiques. Les ignimbrites marquent le retour fréquent à la sédimentation terrestre.Une deuxième mégaséquence transgressive débute avec des sables fluviatiles, des stromatolithes et des carbonates lagunaires (premiers trilobites). La transgression atteint une première phase culminante à la transition de l'Adoudounien au Géorgien. Des séquences caractérisées par de petits cycles régressifs conduisent à des grès qui pourraient être interpré tés comme des sédiments deltaïques.A partir du Cambrien moyen jusqu'à l'Ordovicien prédomine un milieu de plate-forme externe.

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Adoudounien — — Géorgien — — . — — . , - , , . , , . .

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Experimental investigations into variations of ground-based inversions and comparisons with results of simple boundary-layer models     

M. Klöppel  G. Stilke  C. Wamser 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1978,15(2):135-145

Meteorological data obtained from sensors mounted on a 300-m antenna mast, including wind components and temperature fluctuations together with high resolution profile measurements, were used to calculate quantities which describe the most important processes during the development and decay of ground-based inversions. The vertical distribution of air temperature during the developing phase of radiation inversions has been measured continuously and compared with an existing simple prognostic model. Free and forced convection conditions have been investigated for the inversion lifting phase by measuring the heat fluxes at the surface (H _s) and at the inversion base (H _i), the heating rate of the mixed layer (/z) _m , the friction velocity (u _*) and the entrainment rate (dh/dt). Comparisons between the directly measured entrainment rates and those calculated by models show good agreement. For nearly free convection conditions, the entrainment parameter (k = -H _i/H_s) has been determined to be about 0.25.  相似文献