How much are the Bolinao-Anda coral reefs worth?     

Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad  Rollan C. Geronimo  Reniel B. Cabral  Porfirio M. Aliño 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(9):696-705

The Total Economic Value of the estimated 200 km² of coral reef area straddling the municipalities of Alaminos, Anda, Bani and Bolinao in Pangasinan, Philippines is estimated to reach US$38 million per year consisting mainly of indirect benefits from shoreline protection. Direct use from fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism was valued at US$6 million based on the coral reef interaction index. Non-use values for coral reef conservation were based on estimates of willingness to pay across the three economic sectors plus the general public as a fourth sector. Results varied across sectors and municipalities although the ranges were not wide, especially for fishers. Fishers’ willingness to pay averaged at US$0.25 per individual per year. Except for aquaculture operators in Bolinao, which yielded willingness to pay values reaching US$3 per individual per year, the range of conservation funding was narrow for the three other municipalities for all sectors. Using binary logistic regression (logit model), differences in willingness to pay among fishers are explained by the age, number of children, and employment status.  相似文献   

Examining the assumptions of integrated coastal management: Stakeholder agendas and elite cooption in Babuyan Islands, Philippines     

Rasmus Klocker Larsen  Jo Marie Acebes 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(1):10-18

In the Philippines, Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) represents the dominant response to narratives of ecosystem decline. However, there are persistent challenges to implementation, manifested in continued resource degradation, questioning of the exercise of stakeholder involvement and rising resource conflicts. This paper examines the implementation process and how the assumptions embodied in the ICM regime meet the local reality in one group of islands in the Philippine archipelago. The evidence shows how the transformation towards a supposed equilibrium state of coastal ecosystems is undermined in the face of diverging stakeholder agendas. Expected actors are disempowered by the incoherence between the policy owners’ worldview and reality, paving the way for unethical influence from elite alliances. This is coupled with a deepening of the dominance of state, international development banks, foreign aid agencies, and NGOs in promoting their respective interests. In localities such as the Babuyan Islands, when assumptions of ICM collapse it has destructive consequences for fisherfolk and the coastal environment. We conclude that if ICM is to foster an effective and equitable correction of current unsustainable exploitation patterns, then there is a need to institute improved accountability mechanisms in the devolved governance system as well as taking seriously the espoused commitment to stakeholder involvement in determining the goals and assumptions of ICM.  相似文献   

Relationship between metal levels in the vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus and local microhabitat chemical characteristics of Eiffel Tower (Lucky Strike)     

Inês Martins  Richard P. CossonVirginie Riou  Pierre-Marie SarradinJozée Sarrazin  Ricardo S. SantosAna Colaço 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(3):306-315

The turbulent mixing of hydrothermal hot fluid with cold seawater creates large chemical gradients at a small spatial scale that may induce variable physiological and biochemical adaptations within the vent fauna. The adaptation to such a variable environment by the vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus relies on a dual symbiosis hosted in the gills, and digestion of particulate organic matter. The surrounding environment not only provides the necessary energy sources and suspended organic particles for the vent mussel nutrition, but also potentially toxic compounds such as metals. Our main goal was to see if there is a relation between metal accumulation in mussel organs and the chemical characteristics of their close environment. Mussels were collected at six locations in a cold part of the Eiffel Tower fluid-seawater mixing zone, characterized by distinct chemical compositions. Metals (Cd, Cu, Fe and Zn) and metallothioneins were quantified in the gills and digestive gland. The physiological condition of the sampled mussels was also evaluated using tissues and gill indices. Our study indicates that the accumulation of metals in B. azoricus is related to their spatial distribution and linked to fine scale environmental conditions that influence the physiological status of the organism.  相似文献   

Investigating the impact of climate change on New York City’s primary water supply     

Adão H. Matonse  Donald C. Pierson  Allan Frei  Mark S. Zion  Aavudai Anandhi  Elliot Schneiderman  Ben Wright 《Climatic change》2013,116(3-4):437-456

Future climate scenarios projected by three different General Circulation Models and a delta-change methodology are used as input to the Generalized Watershed Loading Functions – Variable Source Area (GWLF-VSA) watershed model to simulate future inflows to reservoirs that are part of the New York City water supply system (NYCWSS). These inflows are in turn used as part of the NYC OASIS model designed to simulate operations for the NYCWSS. In this study future demands and operation rules are assumed stationary and future climate variability is based on historical data to which change factors were applied in order to develop the future scenarios. Our results for the West of Hudson portion of the NYCWSS suggest that future climate change will impact regional hydrology on a seasonal basis. The combined effect of projected increases in winter air temperatures, increased winter rain, and earlier snowmelt results in more runoff occurring during winter and slightly less runoff in early spring, increased spring and summer evapotranspiration, and reduction in number of days the system is under drought conditions. At subsystem level reservoir storages, water releases and spills appear to be higher and less variable during the winter months and are slightly reduced during summer. Under the projected future climate and assumptions in this study the NYC reservoir system continues to show high resilience, high annual reliability and relatively low vulnerability.  相似文献   

Effects of feedback on the morphology of galaxy discs     

Takashi Okamoto  Vincent R. Eke  Carlos S. Frenk  Adrian Jenkins 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,363(4):1299-1314

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An automated system to classify stellar spectra – I     

Carlos Allende Prieto 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,339(4):1111-1116

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Development trajectories and impacts on coral reef use in Lingayen Gulf,Philippines     

Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad  Rollan C. Geronimo  Porfirio M. Aliño 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(3-4):173-180

Management interventions to reduce pressures on coral reefs often include attracting fishers to non-extractive non-fishery supplemental livelihoods. We look at the case of coral reefs in Lingayen Gulf, Philippines to understand the impacts of local (i.e., aquaculture and tourism), regional, and national development on the artisanal fisheries sector. Using household surveys and a coral reef interaction index (CRII), we obtained relative levels of dependency and impacts of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism on coral reefs for livelihood. Results show that overall dependency on coral reefs remains high despite its decreasing quality. Socio-economic profiles reveal steep hurdles in shifting fishers to aquaculture. Both aquaculture and fisheries will continue to grow and eventually compete for space if left unmanaged further resulting in reduced reef quality. Shifts of fishers to tourism-based and other low-capital requirement mariculture (e.g., sea ranching) are more realistic than the expectation of absorbing fishers into current aquaculture businesses. Strengthening local coastal governance capacity to improve proactive responses for micro–macro development interactive synergy will also help reduce the impacts of development on reefs. Improving safety nets for coastal communities through skills enhancement and supplemental livelihood options that facilitate stewardship and reef recovery is an imperative. Transforming the lessons learned at village level actions to sustain municipal scale programs and institutional cooperation among stakeholders such as through marine protected area networks remain a challenge. Sharing forums and joint financing of coastal resource management remain to be realized through public and private partnerships and expansion of development for investments in social enterprises.  相似文献   

IAGA global palaeomagnetic database     

Michael W. McElhinny  Jo Lock 《Geophysical Journal International》1990,101(3):763-766

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Modelling Dust in Galactic SEDs: Application to Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Models     

Laura Silva  Gian Luigi Granato  Alessandro Bressan  Cedric Lacey  Carlton M. Baugh  Shaun Cole  Carlos S. Frenk 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(2-4):1073-1078

We present the basic features and preliminary results of the interface between our spectrophotometric model GRASIL (which calculates galactic SEDs from the UV to the submm with a detailed computation of dust extinction and thermal reemission) with the semi-analytical galaxy formation model GALFORM (which computes galaxy formation and evolution in the hierarchical scenario, providing the star formation history as an input to our model). With these two models we are able to synthesize simulated samples of a few thousand galaxies for statistical studies of galaxy properties to investigate galaxy formation and evolution. There is good agreement with the available SED and luminosity function data. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Galaxy formation using halo merger histories taken from N-body simulations     

John C. Helly _&#;  Shaun Cole  Carlos S. Frenk  Carlton M. Baugh  rew Benson  Cedric Lacey 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,338(4):903-912

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