排序方式： 共有62条查询结果，搜索用时 31 毫秒
41.
Mapping the Risk of Burning in the Brazilian Amazon with the Use of Logistic Regression and Fuzzy Inference 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Camil Wadih Salame Joaquim Carlos Barbosa Queiroz Gilberto de Miranda Rocha Mario Miguel Amin 《Mathematical Geosciences》2012,44(3):241-256
Through the PRODESDIGITAL Project, the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) has been mapping vegetal coverage in the
Brazilian Legal Amazon using Landsat satellite images. INPE not only identifies deforested areas but also releases a daily
map of burning areas. Burning is frequently used as the cheapest way to deforest, to clear areas for farming and to increase
the soil’s fertility in a short period of time. In many instances, these fires get out of control and end up accidentally
invading areas of forest exploited by the lumber industry, agricultural plantations and pastures. However, the deforestation
and burning area maps alone are insufficient for monitoring and control on a regional scale. It is necessary to know in an
analytical way how actions (deforestation and burnings) that characterize human occupation are occurring in a region. In this
research, two methods are used that allow the inclusion of co-variation in the estimation of variables of interest: logistic
regression, which is a statistical method that considers a categorical or discrete response variable and discrete and/or continuous
co-variation; and fuzzy logic, which makes use of artificial intelligence methods to incorporate into computational models
information based on the knowledge or experience of a specialist. In both methods, the response variable may be related to
the probability of occurrence of the environmental variable under study. 相似文献
42.
During the Final Gravettian, the Reclau Caves (northeast Iberia) were intensively occupied by hunter-gatherer communities. The study of residential level D (c. 25.4–19.7 kyr bp ) of Arbreda Cave offers a new view of subsistence strategies of communities which inhabited the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, a transition region between the steppe-tundra and the Iberian wooded steppe biomes, during Greenland Stadial 3. Presented here are the results of the zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of ungulate and carnivore remains recovered from level D. The study confirms that the faunal assemblage of this level was mainly brought there by humans. The zooarchaeological analysis indicates selective hunting based on the exploitation of familial groups of horses and deer, while other ungulate taxa appear to be infrequent. Hunter-gatherers frequented the site throughout the year, but more intensive use in spring is indicated by subadult sensu lato horses. There was extensive exploitation of ungulate carcasses: various butchery activities, marrow extraction, the use of bone as fuel and ‘less elaborate tools’ are documented. Carnivore canines were exploited to produce ornaments. The great dominance of horses reveals cold conditions and the expansion of open environments related to the chronology span of Greenland Stadial 3. 相似文献
43.
Luciano N. Santos Angelo A. Agostinho Carles Alcaraz Joaquim Carol Alejandra F. G. N. Santos Pablo Tedesco Emili García-Berthou 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2011,73(1):43-52
Artificial macrophytes were experimentally deployed in Boadella Reservoir (NE Spain) and assessed for fish use throughout
the first 3 months of the 2007 summer drawdown. In total, 1,832 individuals of seven fish species were recorded through visual
censuses, with introduced perch Perca fluviatilis being the prevalent species. Fish richness and abundance were significantly higher in artificial macrophytes than in rocky
shores and sandy beaches, displaying a unimodal variation through time. P. fluviatilis, Rutilus rutilus and Abramis brama were significantly more abundant in artificial macrophytes than in the other two naturally submersed habitats, where no individuals
of these species were recorded. The abundances of Squalius laietanus, Lepomis gibbosus, Micropterus salmoides and Cyprinus carpio were overall greater in artificial macrophytes than in rocky shores but displayed significant habitat × time interactions.
A decrease in predation risk was apparently the key-factor of the intensive use of artificial macrophytes by small fish (≤100 mm
TL) in Boadella Reservoir, since most species reduced drastically or completely the use of submerged structures when body
size increased. This study demonstrates that adding artificial structures mimicking aquatic macrophytes can be an interesting
tool to mitigate the adverse effects of water level fluctuations on fish assemblages in structure-less and homogeneous ecosystems,
and to understand the mechanisms affecting habitat use and species replacement. 相似文献
44.
Mark Reyers Andreas Krüger Christiane Werner Joaquim G. Pinto Stefan Zacharias Michael Kerschgens 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,139(1):121-141
A mesoscale meteorological model (FOOT3DK) is coupled with a gas exchange model to simulate surface fluxes of CO2 and H2O under field conditions. The gas exchange model consists of a C3 single leaf photosynthesis sub-model and an extended big
leaf (sun/shade) sub-model that divides the canopy into sunlit and shaded fractions. Simulated CO2 fluxes of the stand-alone version of the gas exchange model correspond well to eddy-covariance measurements at a test site
in a rural area in the west of Germany. The coupled FOOT3DK/gas exchange model is validated for the diurnal cycle at singular
grid points, and delivers realistic fluxes with respect to their order of magnitude and to the general daily course. Compared
to the Jarvis-based big leaf scheme, simulations of latent heat fluxes with a photosynthesis-based scheme for stomatal conductance
are more realistic. As expected, flux averages are strongly influenced by the underlying land cover. While the simulated net
ecosystem exchange is highly correlated with leaf area index, this correlation is much weaker for the latent heat flux. Photosynthetic
CO2 uptake is associated with transpirational water loss via the stomata, and the resulting opposing surface fluxes of CO2 and H2O are reproduced with the model approach. Over vegetated surfaces it is shown that the coupling of a photosynthesis-based
gas exchange model with the land-surface scheme of a mesoscale model results in more realistic simulated latent heat fluxes. 相似文献
45.
Hermann Held Friedrich-Wilhelm Gerstengarbe Tobias Pardowitz Joaquim G. Pinto Uwe Ulbrich Kai Born Markus G. Donat Melanie K. Karremann Gregor C. Leckebusch Patrick Ludwig Katrin M. Nissen Hermann Österle Boris F. Prahl Peter C. Werner Daniel J. Befort Olaf Burghoff 《Climatic change》2013,121(2):195-207
We present projections of winter storm-induced insured losses in the German residential building sector for the 21st century. With this aim, two structurally most independent downscaling methods and one hybrid downscaling method are applied to a 3-member ensemble of ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 A1B scenario simulations. One method uses dynamical downscaling of intense winter storm events in the global model, and a transfer function to relate regional wind speeds to losses. The second method is based on a reshuffling of present day weather situations and sequences taking into account the change of their frequencies according to the linear temperature trends of the global runs. The third method uses statistical-dynamical downscaling, considering frequency changes of the occurrence of storm-prone weather patterns, and translation into loss by using empirical statistical distributions. The A1B scenario ensemble was downscaled by all three methods until 2070, and by the (statistical-) dynamical methods until 2100. Furthermore, all methods assume a constant statistical relationship between meteorology and insured losses and no developments other than climate change, such as in constructions or claims management. The study utilizes data provided by the German Insurance Association encompassing 24 years and with district-scale resolution. Compared to 1971–2000, the downscaling methods indicate an increase of 10-year return values (i.e. loss ratios per return period) of 6–35 % for 2011–2040, of 20–30 % for 2041–2070, and of 40–55 % for 2071–2100, respectively. Convolving various sources of uncertainty in one confidence statement (data-, loss model-, storm realization-, and Pareto fit-uncertainty), the return-level confidence interval for a return period of 15 years expands by more than a factor of two. Finally, we suggest how practitioners can deal with alternative scenarios or possible natural excursions of observed losses. 相似文献
46.
Ruan Managna Vasconcellos Francisco Gerson Araújo Joaquim Neto De Sousa Santos Márcio De Araújo Silva 《Marine Ecology》2010,31(3):506-519
Short‐term dynamics in juvenile fish assemblage structure were studied to test whether the most abundant species show temporal segregation, in order to assess whether selected environmental variables could predict species groupings, and to examine the stability of sunset–day–sunrise–night differences. Samplings were collected at 3‐h intervals over 48 h on a seasonal basis between spring 2005 and winter 2006. Fish species richness and abundance were higher in spring, and the lowest values occurred in winter. Harengula clupeola occurred mainly in spring, whereas Atherinella brasiliensis peaked in summer and autumn. On the other hand, Trachinotus carolinus, Umbrina coroides and Mugil liza were abundant in winter. Although temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were not found to have a strong effect on the abundance patterns of most species, they did appear to have a significant influence on assemblage groupings, according to canonical correspondence analysis and Spearman rank correlation. There is no consistency of diel usage patterns by a given species across seasons. The relative abundance differed between the time of day, which differed among the seasons; this further complicates an understanding of the dynamics of an assemblage. Studies of diel changes that pooled the sampling period as day or night can miss important changes that occur in a short time scale, such as a 3‐h period. 相似文献
47.
Zanette J Nunes FF Medeiros ID Siebert MN Mattos JJ Lüchmann KH Rodrigues de Melo CM Bainy AC 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(1):196-198
Oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae and Crassostrea gigas were kept for fourteen days at four sites in S?o José, SC, Brazil, chosen according to a sewage discharge contamination gradient. Enzymatic activities of CAT, GST, G6PDH and GR were evaluated in gills and digestive glands. Higher CAT activity was observed in tissues of C. rhizophorae in response to sewage contamination possibly indicating peroxisome proliferation induction. C. gigas showed elevated G6PDH activity in digestive gland, and GR in gills, after domestic sewage exposure. In conclusion, C. rhizophorae and C. gigas showed different biochemical responses after in situ exposure to domestic sewage. However, C. rhizophorae showed more significant changes in CAT suggesting that this organism could be a better monitor to this kind of effluent. 相似文献
48.
Nathaniel Bensoussan Jean-Claude Romano Jean-Georges Harmelin Joaquim Garrabou 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
In the North West Mediterranean (NWM), mass mortality events (MME) of long-lived benthic species that have occurred over the last two decades have been related to regional warming trend. Gaining robust data sets on thermal regimes is critical to assess conditions to which species have adapted, detect extreme events and critically evaluate biological impacts. High resolution temperature (T) time series obtained during 1999–2006 from 5 to 40 m depth at four contrasted sites of the NWM were analyzed: Area Marina Protegida de les Illes Medes (NE Spain), Riou (Marseilles, France), Parc National de Port-Cros (France), and Réserve Naturelle de Scandola (Corsica, France). The seasonal pattern showed winter T around 11–13 °C, and summer T mainly around 22–24 °C near surface to 18–20 °C at depth. Stratification dynamics showed recurrent downwellings (>40 m) at Medes, frequent observation (1/3rd of the summer) of deep and cold upwelled waters at Riou, while Scandola exhibited stable summer stratification and highest suprathermoclinal T. Port-Cros showed an intermediate regime that oscillated between Riou and Scandola depending on the occurrence of northern winds. Data distribution study permitted to identify and to characterize 3 large scale positive anomalies concomitant with the mass mortality outbreaks of summers 1999, 2003 and 2006. The analysis of biological surveys on gorgonian populations showed significant impacts during the 3 years with temperature anomalies. Besides the degree of impact showed inter-annual differences which could be related to different T conditions concomitant to mortality events, from slight increase in T extreme of only 1–2 °C over short duration, to lengthened more classical summer conditions. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that shallow NWM populations of long-lived benthic species are living near their upper thermal thresholds. Given actual trends and projections in NWM, the repetition of new MMEs in the next decades is extremely likely. In such context, the acquisition of dedicated high resolution T series proves to be crucial for increasing our detection, understanding and forecasting abilities. 相似文献
49.
Joaquim J. Sousa Antonio M. Ruiz Ramon F. Hanssen Luisa Bastos Antonio J. Gil Jesús Galindo-Zaldívar Carlos Sanz de Galdeano 《Journal of Geodynamics》2010,49(3-4):181-189
Differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) is a very effective technique for measuring crustal deformation. However, almost all interferograms include large areas where the signals decorrelate and no measurements are possible. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PS-InSAR) overcomes the decorrelation problem by identifying resolution elements whose echo is dominated by a single scatterer in a series of interferograms.Two time series of 29 ERS-1/2 and 22 ENVISAT ASAR acquisitions of the Granada basin, located in the central sector of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain), covering the period from 1992 to 2005, were analyzed. Rough topography of the study area associated to its moderate activity geodynamic setting, including faults and folds in an uplifting relief by the oblique Eurasian–African plate convergence, poses a challenge for the application of interferometric techniques. The expected tectonic deformation rates are in the order of ～1 mm/yr, which are at the feasibility limit of current InSAR techniques.In order to evaluate whether, under these conditions, InSAR techniques can still be used to monitor deformations we have applied and compared two PS-InSAR approaches: DePSI, the PS-InSAR package developed at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) and StaMPS (Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers) developed at Stanford University. Ground motion processes have been identified for the first time in the study area, the most significant process being a subsidence bowl located at the village of Otura.The idea behind this comparative study is to analyze which of the two PS-InSAR approaches considered might be more appropriate for the study of specific areas/environments and to attempt to evaluate the potentialities and benefits that could be derived for the integration of those methodologies. 相似文献
50.
The Warming of Lake Tahoe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robert Coats Joaquim Perez-Losada Geoffrey Schladow Robert Richards Charles Goldman 《Climatic change》2006,76(1-2):121-148
Summary We investigated the effects of climate variability on the thermal structure of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, 1970–2002, and
with principal components analysis and step-wise multiple regression, related the volume-weighed average lake temperature
to trends in climate. We then used a 1-dimensional hydrodynamic model to show that the observed trends in the climatic forcing
variables can reasonably explain the observed changes in the lake. Between 1970 and 2002, the volume-weighted mean temperature
of the lake increased at an average rate of 0.015 ∘C yr−1. Trends in the climatic drivers include 1) upward trends in maximum and minimum daily air temperature at Tahoe City; and
2) a slight upward trend in downward long-wave radiation. Changes in the thermal structure of the lake include 1) a long-term
warming trend, with the highest rates near the surface and at 400 m; 2) an increase in the resistance of the lake to mixing
and stratification, as measured by the Schmidt Stability and Birge Work; 3) a trend toward decreasing depth of the October
thermocline. The long-term changes in the thermal structure of Lake Tahoe may interact with and exacerbate the well-documented
trends in the lake's clarity and primary productivity. 相似文献